Essay about The Role of the Individual in Candide

All around the world the roles of the individual and of society are completely abstract. As the world changes and develops, the roles of the individual and society change to meet the needs of the people. Voltaires Candide which involves France during the Age of Enlightment Marx Engels Communist Manifesto which involves Germany around 1848 both discuss the roles of the individual and of society in different ways. In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening. The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You say individuality vanishes. You must therefore confess that by â€Å"individual† you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property† (The Communist Manifesto 16) The i dea of communism is to encourage people to actually be individuals while being an active member of society. Although the role of the individual are made very clear by Marx they fail due the ideals of human nature. It is said that the human nature can be considered the downfall of communism. Communism as proposed should be extremely successful but due to human nature there is no way for communist success. The success declines as soon as it starts because people lose motivation. People have no motivation to work as hard as they possibly can because everyone is economically equal. This is a flaw of the communist society as opposed to capitalism. Marx wants people to work as an autonomous collective to gain power and take it away from capitalism however, people are only invested in something that benefits them, and communism relies on an all for one, one for all attitudes. According to The Communist Manifesto. the role of society is to provide equality for all people. As stated In bourgeois society, living labor is but a mean to increase labor. In communist society accumulatedShow MoreRelatedThe And Philosophical Movement Of Voltaire s Candide1641 Words   |  7 Pagessuperstition and religious authoritarianism. People began to reflect on themselves rather than relying on the church. Voltaire was a writer and philosopher, who played an important role by incorporating themes of The Enlightenment into one of his famous novels, â€Å"Candide† to spread ideas. Themes including religion, and optimism in â€Å"Candide† were used by Voltaire through his perspective to emphasize the Character s progress out of traditional values with reasoning and thinking. An intellectual and philosophicalRead MorePhilosophical And Satirical Novel Candide Or Optimism 1010 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of Western Civilization II Philosophical and satirical novel by the famous French Enlightenment writer Candide, or Optimism was created in the XVIII century. One of the most popular works of Voltaire received an unexpected destiny. For a long time it was forbidden because of obscenity, and the writer himself admitted that his authorship, then renounced it. In Candide, or Optimism, Voltaire shows the historical and cultural realities of his time (for example, a military expeditionRead MoreThe s Candide And The Old Woman Arrive Of Cadiz, And Of Their Embarkation1422 Words   |  6 PagesVoltaire’s Candide, or Optimism is widely regarded as a work of the enlightenment period and offers a satire on philosophy, religion and current events (of the time). This essay aims to provide an analysis of Chapter 10: In what distress Candide, Cunà ©gonde and the old woman arrive in Cadiz, and of their embarkation. Firstly considering terms of context this essay will look at the way knowledge of philosophy and attitudes towards women illuminate the readers understanding of the passage. SecondlyRead More##de Or Optimism : A Novel Savant Voltaires Candide1238 Words   |  5 Pages Candide or Optimism: A Novel Criticizing Numerous Ideologies Who is the savant Voltaire and what philosophies did he criticize in his novel Candide or Optimism? Franà §ois-Marie Arouet otherwise called Voltaire is a French philosopher who composed many articles, books and ballads amid the enlightenment period. A lot of his works were censored by the French because of the way that he besmirched everything and anything that had to do with religious corruption and the justice system.To battleRead MoreEssay Irony and Humor1690 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolved in funny situations, while with irony the writers were able to explain their underlying messages. Born seventy-two years apart, they are a superb example of how these techniques were carried out over time. Moliere’s Tartuffe and Voltaire’s Candide are classic texts, which unmask man and society through their clever dark comedy. After reading these two works, one will undoubtedly see how similar the two author’s perceptions were during this great awakening. Moliere’s Tartuffe is aRead MoreThe And Candide Essays : Practical Reason Triumphs Logic1382 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs in their works Tartuffe and Candide. The enlightenment brought up a rather youthful philosophy in the early seventeenth century. This philosophy focused on reason and good sense more so than common knowledge. The upper class believed they were the only group that could obtain knowledge; the enlightenment questioned this belief. This new idea helped progress the belief and hope that the middle class could become scholars themselves. In the works Tartuffe and Candide, both authors reveal an unseasonedRead MoreViews of Voltaire and Molià ¨re on the Role of Women in French Cultural Life1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of women in society has been a controversial one. Most religions see women as being inferior to men and are of the view that women were created as a companion for men. A lot of our social morale stems from religion; hence this help to shape the view that woman is inferior and is to be submissive to their male counterpart. Society has set roles which each sex is expected to play. Gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social andRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers were amalgamated on the basis of worldly, civilization, broad-based, and self-determination. (Gay, 3) The Enlightenment liberties were free of capricious authority, allowed free expression and exchange, consented to the fulfillment of individual aptitudes, permitted artistic reactions, and endorsed man’s right to self-determination. (Gay, 3) Another recurring theme of The Enlightenment was happiness. Happiness was considered the most important factor of The Enlightenment deliberationsRead More The Naive Protagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump Essay example3382 Words   |  14 PagesThe Naive Protagonists of Candide and Forrest Gump      Ã‚   Society can be, and is, corrupt in many different ways. Within our lives we are subject, but not limited to, corruptions within religion, corruptions of morals, and corruption within the government. Voltaire, the author of Candide, and Robert Zemeckis, the director of Forrest Gump, both use grotesquely naà ¯ve protagonists to illustrate their view of the world in which they live. Nevertheless, Candide and Forrest, surrounded by aRead More`` Candide `` : A Satirical Adventure Through The Writings Of Voltaire2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe book â€Å"Candide† takes readers on a satirical adventure through the writings of Voltaire. His novel is a humorous yet ridiculous mockery of the Old Regime ideologies in which he critiques the political, social, and religious beliefs of this time; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz’s ideas in particular. He believed that people perceive imperfections in the world only because they do not understand God’s grand plan. V oltaire does not accept the existence of a perfect God, absence of choice and blind

The True Meaning Of Family - 1744 Words

The True Meaning of Family In â€Å"For my Mother,† Dr. Jami Huntsinger writes about how her mother lives with Alzheimer’s disease and how her father never gave up on his wife. In this essay, Huntsinger discusses the strong relationship her mother and father shared during this hard time in their lives. Even though Huntsinger’s mother was physically unable speak, she was still able to have full conversations with her loved ones. Huntsinger stated, â€Å"She would answer, and I would try to answer with â€Å"Really?† Or â€Å"No, you’re kidding me, â€Å"or â€Å"That’s interesting,† all based on patterns of soft or hard sounds.†. All of her doctors wanted to put her on medication, but her husband told them no, that would have been the easy way out and Mr. Huntsinger†¦show more content†¦Referring back to Dr. Huntsinger’s paper about her mother and father she proves that being a family is more than â€Å"a basic unit consisting of parents and their children,† it is being there for one another no matter the circumstances. Loving, supporting and most importantly showing a commitment towards each other. When two people get married and they say the words ‘I do’ they are committed in marriage, which means that they are together as one: they are loyal, truthful, and loving to one another. When a person is committed to either a partner or a family they will do anything for them. Referring back to Dr. Huntsinger’s story it is stated that â€Å"Dad tried endlessly to get the courts to release her, but it never happened. In the end, my father just gave up and chose instead to visit her every day,† He was committed to staying by her side no matter where she was. Mr. Huntsinger never seemed to complain when he would drive three hundred miles each day just to see her. He dedicated his life to always loving his wife and being a part of her life no matter where she was. He was going to be with her in any way he could be. One of the crucial parts to keep their relationship going long and strong until the day she died was spending time together. When Dr. Huntsinger introduced her father into the story she presented him as a kind and loving husband who stayed by hisShow MoreRelatedFamily : The True Meaning Of Family896 Words   |  4 PagesChoose your family: The true meaning of family If I were to have a family reunion with all of the people I consider relatives, I would need a very large venue. I have four mother and four fathers, hundreds of siblings, dozens of aunts, a few crazy uncles, and a ton of cousins. How is this even possible? I have such a large family because my definition of family differs from most other definitions. Family is more than people who are biologically related. Everyone has some form of family. Every personRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Family2008 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The True Meaning of Family† The word â€Å"Family† is a noun and is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary â€Å"a group of people consisting of one set of parents and their children, whether living together or not. In wider sense: any group of people connected by blood, marriage, adoption, etc. Also: a pair of animals and their young† (OED). According to its etymology the word family originated from the Latin word Familia. The first usage of the word family was in 1484 Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes FablesRead MoreThe Confession By Leo Tolstoy1661 Words   |  7 Pagesin a mid-life crisis when they reflect on what is the real meaning of human life. Leo Tolstoy wrote his literal interpretation of God’s teachings. Towards his golden years, the writer rejected privileges and wealth and became a wandering ascetic. At the height of his career, he encountered a midlife crisis which revolutionized his views towards life. Tolstoy said that he considered ending his life since he no longer understo od the meaning of it. He wrote a publication in 1882 concerning his crisisRead MoreComparison of the Two Essays The Meaning of a Word and Being a Chink987 Words   |  4 Pages In The Meaning of a Word and Being a Chink, Gloria Naylor and Christine Leong examine words of hatred that are meant to scorn, hurt and disgrace people. But these same words could also be used without harmful intentions and in a fashion of endearment amongst the people those words were created for. They each had a different word to discriminate their different culture and ethnicity. These writers discuss the words nigger and chink, which are words in our language mostly ignorant peopleRead MoreThe Definition of Poverty Essay644 Words   |  3 PagesMany people hear the words poverty and have different meanings, so how do we know which definition and I poor is the correct one? According to many people poverty may mean a person who does not have any money to do the things they want to do, however most people can afford to live only on the things they truly need. This is just one example; there are many other definitions of the word poverty. Then what do people consider to be th e meaning of the word poor? Some may say poor is not having enoughRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagesthe theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, education, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by having Dee come visit her family and contradicting her heritage. As Dee go off toRead More Family Values and The Status of The Traditional American Family792 Words   |  4 Pagesof the term family values, many different ideas can come to mind. Morals, religion, beliefs, tradition, expectation, controversy, and misuse are some things that may come to mind when the term â€Å"family values† is mentioned. The true definition and meaning of family values can most likely never be directly pinpointed, but it is always going to be a known fact that family values are always going to have different meanings to different people. It is the common misunderstanding that family values areRead MoreWhy I Am A Liberal Arts Education1123 Words   |  5 Pageswill learn how see deeper into what I have learned, know the true reason of why I am learning what I am learning, expanding my knowledge by having a well-rounded education, and use that in real-world situations to better myself and society. Throughout my educational experience, I have been presented with different educational and social challenges that I have had to overcome to prepare me for where I am at now at Loras College. My family has moved to different towns and school districts several timesRead MoreThe True Meaning of Life Essay716 Words   |  3 Pagesfriendship, demonstrates how to deal with difficult situations and understand the true meaning of life. It is a novel that should be read by everyone, including the incoming freshman class. Tuesdays with Morrie is a true story about a young man Mitch, and his college professor Morrie. One of the main topics portrayed through out the novel is friendship. Mitch befriends Morrie while he is attending college, and they developed a true camaraderie, both loving and supportive of one another. Mitch and Morrie

New Trends in Global Business Environment Global Industry

Question: Discuss about theNew Trends in Global Business Environmentfor Global Industry. Answer: Introduction The following discussion is about the new changes that are taking place in the business environments across the globe. The changes that are taking place now and the changes are coming on the way in the imminent future, are very much needed to revive the work culture and improve the global industry and the different areas where they operate. These changes are very much significant in the social and organizational concepts. There are some very important changes in the 21st century that are needed to reshape the social framework and adjust to the changing scenario. If the global business industries need to go through radical changes, there should be some changes taking place on the process in the workplaces or the offices where the works are being done by the employees. The article provided to complete the assignment, contains ideas about the changes in the workspaces in different organizations of the world. The viewpoint of the organizations has changed and they do not look upon the of fices as mere workplaces. They are keen to improve the working skills of their employees so they are using different tactics so that the workers can enhance their skills positively. Brief Summary of the Article In order to complete the assignment, an article has been provided to take important information so that it would be easier to progress with a positive mindset. The main motive of the article is to focus on the perspective of the radical changes taking place in the global business environment (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekara 2013). The big companies do not want to cage themselves in the traditional view of the business firms. They have realized that the main strength behind their productivity and their global profit lies in the hands of their employees or workers or the labors. They cannot move ahead in the rat race without the help of these people. As a result, almost every business organizations are eyeing to improve the current standard of their employees and provide them with a better standard of living so that they can look for a betterment of their skills and enhance their abilities. In the core article, there have been given the idea of hot-desking which is a new idea in the con text of the business standards. The need of the hour is to change and the change has to be rapid, positive and mandatory to improve the workspaces in the real world (Kim and de Rear 2013). Identifying the Four Key Questions In this part of the assignment, the purpose is to identify significant four questions and conduct a thorough study on them. A structural research work on the four key questions has to be made in the format of a literature review. The questions should be relevant enough to conduct a potential literature review on the subject. The impact of the criteria in the pointed questions should be explained in the context of the modern world. The modern world organizations have been finding it hard to cope up with the different troubles that have been coming up recently. The only way to find a suitable solution is to bringing changes in the working environments. It has become an urgent requirement in the real world organizations. The four key or important questions that can be taken under considerations can be listed below- Importance of hot-desking in the organizations Designing of offices to match the digital communication Importance of interacting face to face to develop communication Importance of co-working in the organizations These are the questions that are identified in the context to discuss about and throw light on to discuss in the literature review section. Literature Review This is the literature review portion in which the four key questions have to be discussed in detail in order to find its justification and its role to bring about changes in the new business environments across the worlds. All the big and medium sized companies should try to take these things under consideration so that they can achieve better place in the overall ratings. The factors and their probable impacts have to be discussed as well. Companies should adapt to these ideas to get better results. Importance of Hot-Desking in the Organizations The first question that can be raised from this description is the importance of hot-desking in the offices (Gilson et al. 2012). Workspaces are the areas where people complete their works and therefore, it should be something that needs most care. According to the article, Telenor company adapted this process to experiment on the modern social context. Hot desking an idea in which it is thought the employees who work in the same organization should share their sitting spaces. Desks are generally places in office that are used for sitting. The employees use these desks to sit and perform their works (Gilson et al. 2012). Previously, most of the organizations provided a particular sitting space or desk for all the employees. The particular employee will not allow other employees to sit in his places. In this process there needed a lot of space and a good amount of money needed to be spent on the sitting arrangements (Botting 2016). The problem was everything in the offices was very mu ch formal and the relation between the employees was formal as well. The remedy to this was this process in which the number of desks had to be reduced and the space in the offices increased. Many employees had to share one desk at a time in shift based works. The cost of providing different desks was also cut down and this catered to utilizing of this extra money in their business purposes. This process surely has some advantages like cost reduction, better understanding between the employees as sharing would develop a fellow feeling between them (Botting 2016). It has some disadvantages as well because it would have an unclear interpretation about the hierarchy of the organization, not being able to provide a permanent place to its employees. One aspect of this is, different employees are designated to different areas but all the seats look same and this helps to reduce inequality between the workers (Ajala 2012). Designing of Offices to Match the Digital Communication Another important aspect of recent changes in the workplace environments is the introduction of the digital communication in the offices and installing various such mediums. Digital communications or increasing communicative skills between the workers and the customers and clients through digital devices, equipments has become an integral part of the modern world business practice (Lee and Messerschmitt 2012). A striking phenomenon has been seen in the modern day working practices is the fact that the use of telephones has become to be an outdated idea. It is notable that almost all the sectors in the modern day, from real estate to the accountancy firms, hospitals to the IT sectors have adopted the digital communication systems (Barry, Lee and Messerschmitt 2012). The most advantageous factor in applying digital system is to make faster communication between the respondents. In earlier times, the structure of an office seemed to be surrounded with cubicles for all the employees and there was a very little percentage of open space in the offices. In each of these cubicles, there were telephones for each of the employees. The use of computers, laptops and other digital communication systems was very low there (Barry, Lee and Messerschmitt 2012). The entire situation has changed now and the whole surrounding area is reduced to an open area where the employees use laptops or computers to be used by the employees. There are many advantages of the introduction of these digital communication systems in offices (Barry, Lee and Messerschmitt 2012). The entire system connection can be connected through one central system. The devices like computers, laptops, fax machines and others can be connected through this centralized communication system. The systems can be connected through LAN or Wi-Fi systems. The business strategies have evolved a lot in the past decade (Wild, Wild and Han 2014). The business clients can be connected through a very span of time and simple work s can be performed in a few seconds. The result is definitely positive as the productivity of the companies has increased a lot since the companies can operate in different countries of the world. Another big advantage is the storage of data. Previously, the data was stored manually but now the data is stored in the hard disk that can stay as long as the thing is destroyed. Importance of Interacting Face to Face to Develop Communication The world has transformed into a global village now and social media is believed to be a strong medium of achieving targets for the organizations. Multinational companies have to carry out their businesses throughout the world (Cavusgil et al. 2014) The target markets of the business organizations does not confine within the local markets or the local customers only. In recent times, the profit or success of an organization depends on how much they have catered to the market in the global sphere (De Loecker and Goldberg 2014). It was very problematic to attract the customers of the global market in olden times because there were no proper marketing strategies to implement in those times. . The social media platforms like Facebook, Linkedin, Instagram and other platforms help to come close and discuss about the various strategies and implement them (Berthon et al. 2012). The business tycoons also take the help of the social media to get in touch with each other and communicate with ea ch other. This creates a good working atmosphere and a collaborating ambience so that both the parties are benefitted with better business results (Aral, Dellarocas and Godes 2013). Importance of Co-Working in the Organizations The fourth aspect in the recent trends of global business environment can be considered as the importance of co-working of the employees in the organizations. The entire business environment can go through a huge change in the context co-working between the employees in the organizations. Co-working can make the fellow workers as better team members and they would feel comfortable in completing the jobs in the offices (Roth and Mirchandani 2016). It is a very effective practice because in co-working habits, people of different skills, talents and characters come close and they can join hands to perform together. There is a very little scope for internal politics if the employees become team members. There is a very healthy competition between them that enhance their skills and motivates them to perform better. The employees belong to different backgrounds and they can cater to the co-working atmosphere very easily by contributing in their own ways (Gallie et al. 2012). The team membe rs can help each other to complete tough things. It has been proved that if the employees can co-work together, they will feel free to express themselves and their performance graph will automatically go higher and their efficiency rate will rise. This will directly impact the productivity of the organization (Salas et al. 2015). The employees can sit in a wide space together and discuss the working matters. This will be very helpful for the organization and the jealousy, competition between the employees will go down, building a friendly atmosphere between them (Gallie et al. 2012). Conclusion In the above discussion, some probable changes and the recent trends in the working environments have been discussed. It is no doubt that the entire global business environment is changing very rapidly. Some topics have been sketched out to be discussed. The matter of discussion was chosen after going through the article. The business environments needed to be changed thoroughly to achieve better results in this fast changing world. The chosen topics have been discussed thoroughly with the practical implications in the social context. The roles of marketers and the organizational leaders have been evaluated as well to discuss the scenario. The need of open offices and the need of co-working between the employees have been discussed and it should be implemented in no time to achieve the targets and gain a better business environment. The outlook of the society needs to be changed to present an updated world. The scenario is so much complex and the business marketers need to develop a proper business plan and business model innovations should be properly implemented. The business environment needs to be updated to keep pace with the international circuit. References Ajala, E.M., 2012, June. The influence of workplace environment on workers welfare, performance and productivity. InThe African Symposium(Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 141-149). Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Baim, C., 2013.Mindful Co-working: Be Confident, Happy and Productive in Your Working Relationships. Jessica Kingsley Publishers Barry, J.R., Lee, E.A. and Messerschmitt, D.G., 2012.Digital communication. Springer Science Business Media. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Botting, S., 2016. Commercial office space: Time for a workplace intervention.Corporate Real Estate Journal,5(2), pp.171-179. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. De Loecker, J. and Goldberg, P.K., 2014. Firm performance in a global market.Annu. Rev. Econ.,6(1), pp.201-227. Gallie, D., Zhou, Y., Felstead, A. and Green, F., 2012. Teamwork, skill development and employee welfare.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), pp.23-46. Gilson, N.D., Suppini, A., Ryde, G.C., Brown, H.E. and Brown, W.J., 2012. Does the use of standing hotdesks change sedentary work time in an open plan office?.Preventive medicine,54(1), pp.65-67. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Kim, J. and de Dear, R., 2013. Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices.Journal of Environmental Psychology,36, pp.18-26. Lee, E.A. and Messerschmitt, D.G., 2012.Digital communication. Springer Science Business Media Roth, K. and Mirchandani, N., 2016. The rise of co-working: A growing workplace movement.Corporate Real Estate Journal,5(4), pp.314-328. Salas, E., Shuffler, M.L., Thayer, A.L., Bedwell, W.L. and Lazzara, E.H., 2015. Understanding and improving teamwork in organizations: A scientifically based practical guide.Human Resource Management,54(4), pp.599-622. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Revenge Is The Act Of Retaliating In Order To Get Even With Someone Fo

Revenge is the act of retaliating in order to get even with someone for the wrongs they have done. In the novel "The Scarlet Letter," the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, uses Roger Chillingworth to reap revenge on Arthur Dimmesdale for his affair with his wife, Hester Prynne. Chillingworth becomes so devoted to revenge that is all his life revolves around. Chillingworth then devotes the rest of his life to taking revenge on Dimmesdale. As the novel progressed, Chillingworth fits the profile of vengeance destroys the avenger. When Roger Chillingworth is first introduced to the reader, we see a kind old man, who just has planted the seeds for revenge. Although he did speak of getting his revenge, when Hester first met her husband in her jail cell, she did not see any evil in him. Because Hester would not tell him, who she had slept with, Chillingworth vowed that he would spend the rest of his life having his revenge and that he would eventually suck the soul out of the man, whom she had the affair with. "There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares" (Hawthorne, 101) As the novel develops, Roger Chillingworth has centered himself on Arthur Dimmesdale, but he cannot prove that he is the "one." Chillingworth has become friends with Dimmesdale, because he has a "strange disease," that needed to be cured; Chillingworth suspects something and begins to drill Dimmesdale. "... The disorder is a strange one...hath all the operation of this disorder been fairly laid open to me and recounted to me" (Hawthorne, 156). As Chillingworth continues to drill Dimmesdale, he strikes a nerve. "You deal not, I take it, in medicine for the soul! ... With a frantic gesture, he rushed out of the room" (Hawthorne, 157). As Chillingworth continued to harp on Dimmesdale, he has become the devil, who has found out that he is the one who had sinned against him. He,(Dimmesdale), is "a rare case...I must search this matter to the bottom" (Hawthorne, 158). When Chillingworth overheard Dimmesdale having a bad dream, he entered his quarters and "laid his hand upon his bosom, and thrust aside the vestment, that, ... had always covered it even from the professional eye" (Hawthorne, 159). What Chillingworth had saw there, no one knows, but we know that he saw Dimmesdale's sin on his chest. "... With a wild look of wonder, joy, and horror ... (with) the extravagant gestures with which he threw up his arms towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor" (Hawthorne, 159). When Chillingworth becomes the Devil, he is doing many strange things. Chillingworth is keeping himself secluded, and is seen lurking around town in a creepy manner. Roger secluded himself from everyday life to keep his plot for revenge focused. His plot is working too, Dimmesdale's "... soul shivers ... at the sight of the man" (Hawthorne, 240). Chillingworth is also spending a great deal of time in the "forest trees ... searching for roots and twigs, for his strange medicines" (Hawthorne, 145). The townspeople even see that Roger Chillingworth is pure evil. When the town first meets Chillingworth, they think he is a kind old doctor that would not harm a soul. " At first, his expression had been meditative, scholar like" (Hawthorne, 149). While Chillingworth was acting out his revenge plan, the public view of him changed. "Now there was something ugly and evil in his face, which they had not previously noticed, and which still grew the more obvious to sight, the oftener they looked upon him. According to vulgar idea, the fire in his laboratory had been brought from the lower regions, and was fed with internal fuel; and so, as might be expected, his visage was getting sooty with the smoke. Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth's wife, sees that Roger Chillingworth is not the man whom she once knew; he has now become a fiend. " ... There came a red glare out of his eyes; as the man's soul were on fire, and kept smoldering duskily within his breast" (Hawthorne, 187). "And thee, answered Hester Prynne, for the hatred that has transformed a wise and

Bio-Psychosocial Case Study of Pedophilia

Bio-Psychosocial Case Study of Pedophilia Free Online Research Papers Pedophilia is a psychosexual disorder. This form of mental illness is an exclusive mental disorder with chronic conditions. Pedophilia is characterized by intense recurrent sexual urges, arousing fantasies, and, or behaviors that involve sexual activities with prepubescent children (National Alert Registry, n. d.). Pedophilia causes clinically significant distress, impairs work, and personal or social functioning. Typically, pedophiles are men with such characteristics as repeated intense fantasies, behaviors and, or sexual desires concerned only with performing sexual activities with sexually immature children (usually children under the age of 15) (WebMD, 2009). Various studies have shown that most pedophiles have reoccurring involvement with two or more children. When a pedophile becomes sexually active with a child he, or she may begin by touching or fondling the child’s genitals, undressing the child, encouraging the child to watch him, or her masturbate or by forcefull y performing sexual acts on the child. Pedophilia also includes exclusive and nonexclusive types; some may be attracted to males, some to females; others may be attracted to both males and females, while many others may be limited to incestuous activities (WebMD, 2009). However, in most all cases, pedophiles have endured past or present abuse, sex as a requisite for affection, sexually deviant behaviors, and somatic or sexual dysfunction. Many in society have difficulties understanding that pedophilia is a serious mental condition. Perhaps one of the biggest miscinceptions most people have is that homosexuality and pedophilia are the same (WebMD, 2009). However, to say that all pedophiles are homosexual, or that all homosexuals are pedophiles, is completely wrong. Society’s lack of understanding may help explain why a two-time sex offender was allowed to roam the streets of New Jersey without any type of mental treatment. Although a horrific story, the Jesse Timmendequas child molestation and murder case has been credited by many as helping to bring pedophilia to the forefront nationally. Because many were unaware of the seriousness of this illness, individuals such as Jesse Timmendequas’ were allowed to not only roam freely, but were free to once again sexually violate, abuse, then commit murder. In 1994 a two-time sex offender, Jesse Timmendequas’ kidnapped, raped, sodomized, and murdered a 7 year old New Jersey girl named Megan Kanka (Meyer, 2006). Later, in 1998, four years after he had murdered, kidnapped, raped, and sodomized little Megan, Jesse Timmendequas’ brother Paul Timmendequas, was also arrested in New Jersey on charges that he too had sexually assaulted two girls age 15 and 12 (LeDuff, 1998). Both Jesse and his brother Paul were attracted to young girls. These two cases help support the belief that some pedophiles prefer girls rather than boys, while others perfer b oys over girls. However, this form of mental illness is more about age rather than gender. Quite simply put, men who are attracted to other adult men are classified as homosexual; and men who are sexually attracted to young boys are classified as pedophiles. Researchers believe using various categories to separate pedophiliac behaviors may assist in attaining a better understanding of pedophiliac behaviors, and thereby, permit psychologists to begin uncovering methods and ways of confining this type of behavior. Pedophile classifications vary greatly in origin. For example, some pedophiles are categorized as those who sexually violate members within their immediate or extended families, and by those who may be prone to abusing and, or violating non-family members (AllPsych, 2004). These distinctions, although simple, are not always accurate, oftentimes a familial offender has already offended and, or violated a non-family member. Causes of Pedophilia The underlying causes of pedophilia are unclear. Learned behaviors are similar to the conditioned response theory. As a learned behavior, pedophilia may be due to sexual abuse of the abuser as a child. Because of such occurrences, later in life, the individual most likely began imitating those same behaviors. Although biological factors have not been proven to cause pedophilia, some believe biological abnormalities such as hormone imbalances could be a contributing factor (AllPsych, 2004). Others believe pedophilic behaviors may be associated with psychological, or stunted emotional development, neglect, or sexual abuse, which may have been experienced during childhood. Researchers have theorized two main reasons as to the types of behaviors that may lead to the development of pedophiliac behaviors:(1) an adolescents sexual activities with individuals of his or her own age could result in conditioned sexual arousals towards pubescent children, and (2) because of memory distortions that might have occurred with the passages of time, the child or adolescent who may have been sexually violated and, or abused by an adult may have developed fantasies that now place him or her in the position as the instigator rather than in the role of victim (AllPsych, 2004). Unfortunately, as a result of these reoccurring fantasies, he, or she has now become sexually conditioned to react only to children. Psychologists have also reported that boys who were sexually violated or abused are far more likely to become sex offenders or pedophiles. On the other hand, girls who have been sexually abused reacted more frequently by engaging in self-destructive behaviors, such as prostitution or substance abuse. Treatments Because various other disorders have the same or similar symptoms, when attempting to diagnosis this particular disorder, psychologists must first try to differentiate between other disorders before an exact diagnosis can be established. Once a diagnosis has been determined, some prescription medications may be used to help reduce a pedophiles compulsive thinking. Occasionally, psychologists will even prescribe hormones for individuals who experience intrusive sexual thoughts, urges, or reoccurring abnormal sexual behaviors (WebMD, 2009). However, in most cases psychoanalytic, cognitive, and behavioral therapies are used when treating pedophilac individuals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy may be prescribed in combination with other medications or alone. Some examples of medications that have been used to treat pedophilia include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and anti-androgens. Relapse prevention is also emphasized. However, the outlook for successful treatments and r ehabilitation of people with pedophilia is very guarded (AllPsych, 2004). Overall, treatment options for pedophiles may include any mixture of medication and psychotherapy. However, as in most all cases, in order for treatments to be effective, it must be long-term. Conclusion This paper briefly defines, analyses, and discusses treatments used for treating pedophilia. This analysis briefly explains that pedophilia involves sexual orientation or sexual attractions towards children, especially male children, and that rarely are there cases of women pedophiles. This analysis also explains that pedophiles become conditioned to react sexually to younger under-developed bodies. The article goes on to explain that most pedophiles probably began masturbating during boyhood to fantasies involving immature bodies. The article explains that these boys have become so conditioned to younger under-developed body forms that they need to have those exact body images every time in order to obtain or create sexual gratification; because of this abnormal need, these individuals are classified as pedophiles. However, the bottom line here is quite simple; pedophilia and child molestation should never be looked upon as normal, but as a disease (National Alert Registry, n. d.). Research Papers on Bio-Psychosocial Case Study of PedophiliaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Mariner 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars

Mariner 4 - Mission to Mars - Brief History of Mariner 4 Mission to Mars Mars is in the news a lot these days. Movies about exploration of the planet are popular, and several space agencies around the world are planning human missions in the next decades. Yet, there was a time not so long ago in human history when NO mission had been to the Red Planet. That was in the early 1960s, when the Space Age was picking up momentujm. Since then, scientists have been exploring the planet Mars with robotic spacecraft: mappers, landers, rovers, and orbiters  such as Mars Curiousity, as well as the Hubble Space Telescope, which observes Mars from orbit around Earth.  But, there had to be a first successful mission to get this all started. Mars excitement began when Mariner 4 arrived at the Red Planet on July 15, 1965. It got as close as 9,846 km (6,118 miles) from the surface and returned the first good images of the cratered, dusty terrain. It was not the first mission launched to Mars, but it was the first successful one.   What Did Mariner 4 Show Us? The Mariner 4 mission, which was the fourth in a series of planetary exploration missions, revealed the cratered, rust-colored surface of the planet. Astronomers knew Mars was red from years of ground-based observations. However, they were amazed at the color seen in the spacecrafts images. Even more surprising were pictures that showed regions showing evidence that liquid water had once etched its way across the surface. Yet, there was NO evidence of liquid water anywhere to be found.   In addition to various field and particle sensors and detectors, the Mariner 4 spacecraft had a television camera, which took 22 television pictures covering about 1% of the planet. Initially stored on a 4-track tape recorder, these pictures took four days to transmit to Earth. Once past Mars, Mariner 4 orbited the Sun prior to returning to the vicinity of Earth in 1967. Engineers then decided to use the aging craft for a series of operational and telemetry tests to improve their knowledge of the technologies that would be needed for future interplanetary spacecraft. All in all, the mission was a great success. Not only did it serve as a proof of concept for successful planetary exploration missions, but its 22 images also revealed Mars for what it really is: a dry, cold, dusty and apparently lifeless world.   Mariner 4 Was Designed For Planetary Exploration NASA built the Mariner 4 mission to Mars to  be tough enough to get to the planet and then study it with a set of instruments during its quick flyby. Then, it had to survive the trip back around the Sun and supply more data as it flew. Mariner 4s  instruments and cameras had the following tasks: study interplanetary fields and particles, including the magnetic field of Mars, cosmic dust, cosmic rays, and the solar wind;take close-up images of Mars in hopes of discovering the geologic and atmospheric processes at work on the planet over the eons;provide experience in operating long-term interplanetary missions.   The spacecraft was powered by solar cells that provided about 300 watts of power for the ships instruments and television camera. Nitrogen gas tanks supplied fuel for attitude control during flight and maneuvers. Sun and star trackers helped the spacecraft navigation systems. Since most stars were too dim, the trackers focused on the star Canopus.   Launch and Beyond Mariner 4 rode to space aboard an Agena D rocket, launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch complex in Florida. Liftoff was flawless and a few minutes later, the thrusters fired to put the spacecraft into a parking orbit high above Earth. Then, about an hour later, a second burn sent the mission on its way to Mars.   After Mariner 4 was well under way to Mars, an experiment was approved to study the effect of transmitting the spacecrafts radio signal through the Martian atmosphere just before the spacecraft disappeared behind the planet. This experiment was designed to probe the thin blanket of air surrounding Mars. That task threw mission planners a real challenge: they had to reprogram the spacecrafts computer from Earth. That had never before been done, but it worked perfectly. In fact, it worked so well that mission controllers have used it many times with other spacecraft in the years since then.   Mariner 4 Stats The mission was launched on November 28, 1964. It arrived at Mars on July 15, 1965 and performed all its mission activities well. Controllers lost communication with the mission from October 1, 1965 to 1967.  Then contact was restored for a few months before it was lost again, for good. Throughout its entire mission, Mariner 4 returned more than 5.2 million bits of data, including imaging, engineering and other data.   Want to know more about Mars exploration? Check out Eight Great Mars Books, and also keep an eye out for television specials about the Red Planet. Its a sure bet that there will be an increasing amount of press as humanity gets ready to send people to Mars.

United Kingdom Health Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

United Kingdom Health Service - Essay Example As any organisation with relatively long history and thousands of employees, the NHS has certain norms and rules that traditionally determine the nature of managerial practices. However, these rules and norms do not seem to be effective these days when the problem of management in NHS has turned into one of the major issues associated with this organisation. The case study and other scholarly studies provide sufficient information to identify the factors that may contribute to such situation. There are several types of standards applied within the organisational practices to evaluate effectiveness of management. However, the NHS is a specific organisation with outputs which are exceptionally difficult to measure objectively: for example, a middle level manager in a construction company has absolutely clear performance goals which must be achieved by certain deadline with the available resources. Failure to achieve the goals despite favourable situation and no force majeure circumstances demonstrates that the manager might lack skills and/or qualification to effectively perform his basic functions. These functions have been formulated over the second half of the 20th century and include planning, organising, leading, controlling and assessing (often these functions are abbreviated to POLCA) (Morgan, 1986). Evidently, this set of basic functions is valid for the NHS, but it is also clear that the specifics of healthcare does not allow for the possibility to evaluate the manager's failure or success in the same way as it is done in other industries such as construction, automotive, financial, etc. The explanation is simple: there are too many factors affecting health outside the health care industry to evaluate performance of the industry in easily measurable terms such as deaths per 100 beds and other statistical data. The impressive amount of intangibles involved in the process of healthcare management requires specific approach in evaluation of associated factors, including effectiveness of management. Therefore, one of the major problems related to management in the NHS might be absence of the correct evaluation criteria. As Willcocks (1997) puts it, "...the research literature fails to provide empirically-based standards against which to judge and compare managerial behaviour. A central problem is that the researchers have neglected the manager's role demands or expectations and concentrated on role performance or behaviour" (Willcocks, 1997: 181). Development of the adequate criteria that can be applied to assessment of managerial performance in the environment characterised by lack of statistically measurable parameters and oriented rather toward improvement of the process than achievement of any final goals may be a helpful solution in this regard. Absence of such criteria can probably be referred to as the most essential primary problem which acts as the major reason for other problems associated with management in the NHS environment. Managing Professionals Managing educated professionals such as doctors, architects, lawyers

Systems Integration in Information Technology Research Paper

Systems Integration in Information Technology - Research Paper Example Shortly after the system wide integration, in 2006, problems within the system architecture resulted in a dangerous breach of patient care. The system breakdown as described by Kaiser Permanente executives and industry leaders was a direct result of integration of an information technology (IT) component of the KP Health Connect system. Kaiser Permanente envisioned the KP Health Connect system as a seamless integration of resources that in theory would electronically connect members to their health care team, to their personal health information, and to all relevant medical knowledge available to promote integrated health care.(Cochran, 2009) Ideally Kaiser Permanente members would complete an annual online health risk assessment, then receive customized feedback on behavioral interventions, start pro-active health behavior change programs, and choose whether to send results to KP Health Connect to facilitate communication and information sharing with their with their physician.(Montalbano, 2008) In reality Kaiser Permanente was abandoning a very costly attempt made in the late 1990’s and early parts of this decade to build its own clinical information system with IBM. Kaisers approach shifted to "buy, not build," (Montalbano, 2008) after the earlier failure with the IBM system. The project’s expansive scope was unprecedented for a civilian company. To purchase an â€Å"off-the-shelf system† (Montalbano, 2008), Kaiser studied two medical software vendors, Cerner and Epic Systems, ultimately selecting Epic as the primary vendor for a new system that would eventually become KP Health Connect. .(Cochran, 2009) Kaiser Permanente attempted with the â€Å"off-shelf† system to fully integrate the company’s previous EHR’s and collect all their data into one system.(Cochran, 2009) The resulting loss of access and availability of patient records and billing histories has

Much Ad About Nothing Essay Example for Free

Much Ad About Nothing Essay Write about the ways in which Shakespeare presents the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing and compare it with the ways in which relationships are presented in ‘Sonnet 130’, ‘Sonnet 43’ and ‘Salome’. In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare presents an interesting relationship between the characters of Beatrice and Benedick. We can compare their relationships with the poems ‘Sonnet 130’, ‘Sonnet 43’ and ‘Salome’ and the relationships presented in them. Although Shakespeare includes a conventional relationship between Hero and Claudio, he also decides to involve a different affair between Beatrice and Benedick. One of these moments where we can begin to understand their relationship is during the First Meeting. In Act 1 Scene 1, Benedick uses imagery of a bird to mock Beatrice. On line 126, Benedick says to Beatrice â€Å"Well, you are a rare parrot-teacher†. Benedick could be mocking Beatrice by suggesting that she can’t say anything original and only copies what others say, therefore relating to the imagery of a parrot. However, the word ‘rare’ shows that Benedick recognises the unique characteristics of Beatrice and that she is standing out from the crowd, consequently hinting his disguised love for her. Additionally, this quotation also relates to the context of time as women, in those days, could be punished for talking too much. Benedick could be taking advantage of the conventions of time to put Beatrice in her place in their relationship with each other. The parrot imagery can also relate to a poem called Sonnet 130. This is because, in Sonnet 130, the poe t says â€Å"I love to hear her speak, yet well i know, That music hath a far more pleasing sound;†. We can link the first phrase of Sonnet 130 with Benedicks quote of a ‘rare’ parrot-teacher. By including the word rare before the imagery of a bird, suggests that although Beatrice may talk too much, Benedick still enjoys listening to her speak hence relating to Sonnet 130 â€Å"I love to hear her speak†. As well as this, the second line of Sonnet 130 â€Å"that music hath far more a pleasing sound† links to why Benedick uses the imagery of a bird to mock Beatrice in the first place. As he includes the phrase ‘parrot-teacher’, it indicates that even though he enjoys listening to her speak, perhaps as she speaks too much, means that there are better things to  be heard. Overall, within the First Meeting of Beatrice and benedick, Shakespeare begins an interesting relationship causing the audience to be intrigued and persuaded to keep watching. Shakespeare proceeds with their relationship in Scene 1 Act 11 at the Masked Ball. Here, Benedick and Beatrice are presented as hostile towards one another as Benedick is masked, unable to reveal his identity, as Beatrice is basically insulting him while pretending that she doesn’t know who he really is. She says that Benedick will â€Å"break a comparison or two on me, which peradventure not marked, or not laughed at, strikes him into melancholy, and then there’s a partridge wing saved, for the fool will eat no supper that night.† She is making the case that benedick is so weak-minded that no one will laugh at his jokes. Then Benedick will be so upset that no one listens to his witty comparisons that he loses his appetite and is unable even to eat a partridge wing, which would be a small meal anyway. But perhaps the idea of consuming food could be changed to create a more interesting insight of Beatrice’s insult. Beatrice could also be saying that Benedick is weak but has lost his appetite not for food but for life because he is regarded so low by his friends. It could also be a reference to Benedick losing his sexual appetite. In Beatrice’s quote, she uses a powerful metaphor to insult Benedick’s manhood. This would be particularly astonishing given the context of time: women were expected to say less than men. However, in this scene Beatrice is particularly outspoken by saying something which is immensely rude; this is completely going against the conventions of time. Beatrice would also be living up to the expectation at the time as women were more sexual than men and would be prone to having affairs and ultimately cuckolding men. We could compare Benedick and Beatrice relationship throughout the Masked Ball with the poem ‘Salome’. Salome presents someone who is confessing to something that they are guilty of. One line says ‘cut out the booze and the fags and the sex.’ This indicates that the person is wanting to lose their appetite for sex whereas within Beatrice’s insult towards Benedick, it refers to a possibility of Benedick losing his sexual appetite without wanting to. Furthermore, we could link when Beatrice says ‘for the fool will eat no supper tonight’ to another quote from Salome: ‘was his head on a platter’. Perhaps when Beatrice says that Benedick will have no supper, she could really mean that he is the supper.

English Studies :: Teaching Education Essays

Feminist and Critical Pedagogies in English Studies This is going to be one of those classes that I look back upon and say, à ¬Wow, that course really changed the way I think about things.à ®I have been thinking a lot about what I want to say in this statement and now that I am finally writing it, it seems I am at a loss.I know, though, that the affects of this class, for me anyway, will be far reaching.It has helped me to think in new ways about a multiplicity of things: empowerment, nurturance, the rhetoriticity of race and gender, power, what it means to be an intellectual or a professional.If I were to try and sum up the immediate (and what I would think are rather superficial in that I think the influence of this class upon who I am as a citizen/teacher/woman/student/intellectual is only just beginning) impact that this course has had upon me, I would say that it has helped me to begin to think of writing/teaching/living as both public and private acts at the same time.Reconciling the personal and the public aspects of my life, à ¬moving away from oppositions and towards multiplicities in [my] thinking (reading essay7)à ®, and thinking of myself not in terms of à ¬this-or-thatà ® but à ¬both/andà ® have been continuous threads throughout my reading essays. I think that taking this class at a time in my life where I was experiencing teaching my first college course helped me to be very open to many of the ideas within the texts we read.I was constantly looking to the readings that we did in relationship to how they might help me become a better teacher/professional/student/person.I was always looking at them and trying to make meaningful connections between what I was reading and what I am living.And it worked.I began to look at myself and see how I occupy multiple subject positions in society and how those subject positions influence not only how I am seen by others but how I see others and myself.For example, I began to see how I am seen by other people, not just as a graduate student, but as a woman graduate student.This might sound like I am whining or trying to make an argument that we are living in a sexist society, but thatà ­s not my point.My point is that I am seen as both a woman and a graduate student at the same time.

Biography of William Steele Sessions

On May 27, 1930 in Fort Smith, Arizona William Steele Sessions was born. This future Director of the FBI and Federal Judge however did not grow up in the Arizona area. Shortly after his birth his family moved to Kansas City, Kansas (â€Å"1988 Yearbook† 1988). This is where William attended his entire grade school career. Instead of following his father's footsteps of being a minister, William chose to enlist in the Air Force. In 1951 shortly after he graduated high school William enlisted. He was commissioned in 1952 and served as an airborne radar intercept instructor until his service was up in 1955, he had acquired the rank of captain in those four years. During those four years in the Air Force, Mr. Sessions fell in love and married. Her name was Alice June Lewis. Upon his leaving the Air Force, the couple moved to Waco, Texas where he then began attending Baylor University. He received his bachelors of arts in 1956 and then immediately began attending Baylor University School of Law, which he graduated in 1958 with a law degree. Once Texas placed William on the states bar he went into private practice, which he continued until 1969 (â€Å"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide† 1999). With the Sessions private law practice doing well and with him gaining recognition, Mr. Sessions was appointed Chief of government operations section, in the Criminal Division of the U. S. Department of Justice and remained there until 1971 (â€Å"Judges of the United States Courts† 2000). So with his career really starting to take off there didn't seem much more he could do, but in 1971 Mr. Sessions had been appointed U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Texas and along with that, the President at the time, Gerald Ford, placed Mr. Sessions to be district judge for that Western District. He served in the city of El Paso until December of 1979, which he was then transferred to San Antonio to replace the assassinated District Judge John H. Wood. That following year in February he was named Chief Judge and would be until his appointment to the FBI in 1987. During the twelve years William Sessions was on the U. S. District Court for the Western District of Texas he had earned a reputation for being tough, but hair in law and order justice. He received a great deal of attention in 1982 when he gave stiff sentences to five convicted conspirators that were involved in the 1979 murder of his own colleague, John Wood Jr. , the only federal judge to be assassinated in U. S. history (â€Å"1988 Yearbook† 1988). William Sessions was at the height of his career when on July 24, 1987 President Regan named him to be Director of the FBI. On September 25 of that year the senate gave Mr. Sessions a unanimous vote for him to become Director and on November 2 he took the oath of office. So now that he was in the ultimate position what was he to do? To start off on the right foot, William's first move was to reorganize the bureau's senior staff. He created a new post, deputy director, which carried the responsibility of day-to-day operations and the deputy was assisted by two associate deputy directors (â€Å"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide† 1999). Next on his list was that with the Cold War no longer in existence, Mr. Sessions redeployed the agents formerly engaged in counterintelligence work to handle violent and white-collar crimes. Another reason for this move was in response to a forty percent increase over ten years of violent crimes. He designated the investigation of violent crime the FBI's sixth national priority in 1989, and by November 1991 the FBI created â€Å"Operation Safe Street†, in Washington, D. C. It was a concept of federal, state, and local police task forces targeting fugitives and gangs. With the successes of this operation the FBI was ready to expand the operational assistance to police nationwide (â€Å"A Short History of the FBI† 2000). In addition to this fight toward violent crime, on April 18, 1988, Director Sessions jump-started the Drug Demand Reduction Program by placing the program in important sections of the FBI. Those sections were the research unit and the office of congressional and public affairs (â€Å"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide† 1999). He felt it would prove very useful to have the program instilled in these sections. The purpose of this program was for FBI offices nationwide to begin working closely with local school and civic groups to educate young people on the dangers of drugs. As a result of the community outreach efforts under the program separate ideas branched off into systems such as Adopt-A-School and Junior G-Man programs, all involved in the education of drug dangers (â€Å"A Short History of the FBI† 2000). Probably Director Sessions greatest accomplishment while he was with the FBI was how he dealt with the problem of discrimination with in the bureau. In 1990 a survey of the Bureau Employees, which was requested by Director Sessions, found a majority of FBI employees were dissatisfied with bureau personnel practices, especially with assignments and promotions. The unhappiness was widespread starting among blacks, Hispanics, women and then white males. Seventy percent of these people believed promotions were unfair and given to unqualified agents. The survey also found discrimination due to a person's race, color, national origin, religion, disability, sex or age. Along with that finding it found that women felt â€Å"the old boy network† was keeping them from assignments. While in the white males it was found they felt the effects of reverse discrimination. So after all of these findings Director Sessions made minority recruitment a top priority (â€Å"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide† 1999). He made it a top priority by instituting strong affirmative action hiring policies and measures to remedy past discrimination, as well as, revising the FBI applicant tests to ensure fairness in the selection process (â€Å"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide† 1999). It seems that all leaders at some point in there tenure are involved in some situation that attracts national attention. In Director Sessions case, there were two such events. These situations had a major impact on FBI policies and operations. First was the FBI's response to the shooting death of Deputy U. S. Marshal William Degan. He was killed at Ruby Ridge, Idaho while he was on a surveillance detail of federal fugitive Randall Weaver. During the standoff Weaver's wife was accidentally shot and killed by an FBI sniper. The result of that was Weaver and his children received a money settlement for the FBI's mistake (â€Å"A Short History of the FBI† 2000). The second event was the fifty-one day standoff with a religious sect located just outside of Waco, Texas. Members of the sect had killed four ATF officers along with wounding many others. Instead of successfully ending the standoff the agents could only watch in horror as the compound burnt to the ground (â€Å"A Short History of the FBI† 2000). These two unfortunate events set up public and congressional inquires into the FBI's ability to respond to crisis situations. So in the end these horrible events could ultimately benefit the agency by weeding out flaws in their policies. Along with having these large situations arise, in 1993 Director Sessions was criticized within the FBI for violations, by his wife and assistant Sarah Munford, of Bureau regulations, federal and state laws. The violations were minor breaches of security by Mrs. Sessions and Mr. Sessions was also involved in most of these violations. Some examples of Director Sessions abuses and neglects ranged from his home alarm system did not alert the FBI and his fencing was not that government provided security enhanced wrought iron fence (Robins 1993). The Director was entirely inconsistent in his actions with respect to accepting the advice of the Bureau's professionals. This shows a clear pattern of his taking advantage of the government and his position. Some more examples of his abuses are: using an FBI plane to haul firewood from New York Cit to Washington, Carried an unloaded gun in the trunk of his car in order to classify it as a â€Å"law enforcement vehicle† so he could avoid paying taxes on the cost of driving to work, and may have obtained a sweetheart deal from a Washington bank on a $375,000 home mortgage (Sachs 1993). That is just a couple of the abuses Mr. Sessions committed. Mrs. Sessions did not help the abuses either. Along with the abuses stated earlier, Sachs states that she used bureau cars as transportation to get her hair and nails done (1993). Among other things she on numerous occasions barged in on official business, which obviously caused a great disturbance. As a result of all of these ethical charges, they led to intense resentment of a double standard in the highly disciplined agency where agents are routinely punished for minor infractions (Sachs 1993). So in the end President Clinton asked Mr. Sessions to resign, but he refused which ultimately resulted in his termination on July 19, 1993. President Clinton stated â€Å"his greatest accomplishment was getting more women and minorities into the agency† (Sachs 1993). Today Mr. And Mrs. Sessions reside in San Antonio, Texas where he is in private law practice with his sons. So as we have seen Mr. Sessions seemed to be headed in the right way with this agency, but for some reason or another ran into some rough waters. In the beginning of his career with the FBI Mr. Sessions had the right idea; it was a time for change in most law enforcement communities. Mr. Sessions had picked the most widely known and most prestigious one to change. So his steps toward equal and diverse employment were very excellent. Also he showed he had the knowledge for reallocating resources when they were not needed anymore as in with the Cold War agents and placing them on something that needed attention, white collar crime and street violence. Where Mr. Sessions fails is in his tactical knowledge. For example with Waco and Ruby Ridge, if he had known what to do tactically in those situations mistakes might not have taken place. Another problem could have been that he hadn't surrounded himself with people that could handle those specific situations. As a result things did eventually change. Mr. Sessions had a great knowledge of the federal law and how to go about enforcing it at a court level, but to do that right at the enforcement level is totally different. That kind of knowledge allows for a good internal management style not an external one. So in agreement with President Clinton former Director William Sessions greatest achievement with this agency was improving the organizations recruitment to avoid discrimination.

Evaluation Essay of “In Too Deep” Essay

The essay â€Å"In Too Deep† written by Tom Ruprecht was structured similarly as most autobiography essays, and the author’s narrative has conformed to the â€Å"Dramatic Arc†. I am evaluating the essay in â€Å"Dramatic Arc† order and †¦Ã¦  â€¡Ã© ¢Ëœ place people。The writer changed his mind and gained a lot through this travel. At the very beginning, the writer of the essay Tom explained the background of the story: the inciting incident happened on the group trip to Hawaii. Tom used a special technique to arouse the audience’s curiosity: there are two negative phrases â€Å"impossible† and â€Å"instead of† in the beginning of the essay. Also, Tom repeated several times â€Å"kindergartners† and â€Å"uncool† to express the feelings of unhappiness of being treated like a child and felt hostile towards the guide, which has a strong contrast to the feeling of satisfaction with the â€Å"little kindergartnerâ €  in the end of the essay. When describing the guide, Tom also compared the guide with himself: a â€Å"rugged and handsome† guide vs. a â€Å"kindergartner†. His wife was in the tour group too, so Tom thought he lost face. Droven by those complex emotions, Tom asked to get into the cave although he was not interested in it at all at first. At this time, the spelunker Ernie appeared in the story. Through the phrase â€Å"I politely declined, he insisted† implied the frustrating and unpleasant dialogues in the paragraphs that followed. In addition, Tom mentioned that it was his father’s story and words that encouraged him to agree the proposal. We can see that his father has a great influence on him. åŠ   indicate name comparisonç ­â€°Ã¥ ½ ¢Ã¥ ¼ Ã¥Å'â€"ä ¸Å"è ¥ ¿Ã¨ ¿â€ºÃ¥Å½ » Then move to the â€Å"Rising† part of the â€Å"Dramatic Arc†. Tom and Ernie entered into the cave. Tom added a lot of action verbs to show the big difference between them. On the one hand, Tom â€Å"began† to ask to head back, on the other hand, Ernie just â€Å"simply rushed ahead†. â€Å"Slither through†, â€Å"panicked†, and â€Å"began looking around† those v erbs directly describe how Tom could not hide his scared emotions. When I read this part first time, I could know that every one-foot deeper, more fear came into Tom. Next, Tom presented that Ernie is an unprofessional and unreliable person, which made him feel even more  dangerous. There were some details: he could not figure out what substance was on the cave’s roof, and his unprofessional behavior. Next, it is the climax part. Ernie turned off the flashlight and asked the earthquake question in a joking way. Finally, Tom could not stand Ernie any longer, and decided he had to get out of the cave. Here, the extremely terrifying atmosphere was created by Ernie’s words. Although Ernie asked several questions, Tom did not give any vocal response but to describe his own facial expression and his decision to get out. There are not many describing sentences, but we can imagine the temporal unusual air. Then it is time to get back. Unfortunately, they lost their way and they chose the wrong way that had been picked by Tom. In the sentence, â€Å"Ernie, the great spelunker, replied: ‘ Oh, I have a terrible sense of direction.†™ † I think that Tom especially repeated â€Å" the great spelunker† to convey his complaints about his disappointing teammate. Also, the sentence â€Å"Eventually Ernie’s spelunking expertise did kick in† to show Ernie realized the wrong way. The spelunker was just like a soul who was absent all the time and finally appeared. I think this sentence was really successful, because it made Ernie vivid and humorous. The last part is the â€Å"resolution†. Tom and Ernie finally got out of the cave. Tom used the comparison again: the verb â€Å"popped† and â€Å"expect† show his happiness first but the reality was totally adverse. The annoyed group mates standing at the entrance to the cave were really mad at them. The most interesting thing is that the plot reversed again. The handsome guide criticized them in public first, however, he showed his admiration in private, which satisfied Tom’s self-pride to a great extent. Comparing the different attitudes between the beginning and the end, we can explore that the writer changed his mind. He challenged himself to explore the cave, and after this adventure, he felt better about himself and became more confident. He thought he was also a cool and brave man in front of his wife, which is very important to him. The writer Tom was good at describing the atmosphere and dealing with the details, and the atmosphere and details really impressed me. Also, every process of the incident was connected closely, and all of the peoples’ actions had powerful motivations. All in all, I think it is a really successful autobiography essay.

My Impression of the Usa Essays

My Impression of the Usa Essays My Impression of the Usa Paper My Impression of the Usa Paper At first I want to say I love America! And my impression of it is good. I got this predilection for America because; I have cousins who live there. One of them: Anne- Marie, went home to Denmark this summer, to visit the family. She was very kind and polite, and I thought it was interesting to talk to her, because she told me about their different cultures, norms etc. When I talked to her I also got the Impression that the structure of the Government, their laws and the way people relate to each other has retreat Influence on the individual, and Its actions and attitudes. Anne-Merle also told me a lot about the Indians and Cowboys. So now when I hear the words: The united States of America, I think In my head: The land of the free, and the home for the lovely race! The second thing that everything over there Is bigger compared to Denmark. Or I quest so: the burgers are bigger, the volume size of snacks, their houses is really huge. The people are larger and finally their cars are bigger. I guess the cars are more than twice as big as Danish cars. Maybe everything is bigger over there because in some ways, America is a more modernized country than for instance Denmark is. One of the reasons could be that America is the most powerful among the technically advanced countries in the world today. Inter alai because their military, the pentagon and all the encryption, and a lot of the highly popular brands such as Apple, also comes from America. And Americas influence on the shaping of international relations is absolutely incalculable. But America is a large country and its people event so far shown much interest in great international problems, among which big problem the global warming is today. But despite all this, I will make it clear that America has beautiful values and I think they have a prosperous country. [ 1 1. * I got this predilection for America because I have cousins who live there. Egg hard feigner colon after because, dad diet eke viewer naturalist at fresh ¦eve pointed/ hovers ¦twinge p denned mDe. [2]. * Compared to Denmark everything in America is bigger. Heel s ¦twinge vary gal, Egg hard terror unformulated den foray. 1. * Including because their military, the pentagon and all the encryption, and a lot of the highly popular brands such as Apple, also come from America. Dad Inter all vary Lilt studentships at burger denned sandmen ¦Eng, hard Egg stated bruit order Including. Go Veda comes ere deer congruent fell, dad subjected go verbally Eke passer seamen. Diet skilled at comes SSTr I fleeter go America SSTr I mental. Terror feigner Egg flatters -set far comes, s diet belier TTL mental enamel come. My Impression of the Usa By rakishness different cultures, norms etc. When I talked to her I also got the impression that the great influence on the individual, and its actions and attitudes. Anne-Marie also told me a lot about the Indians and Cowboys. So now when I hear the words: The United States of America, I think in my head: The land of the free, and the home for the The second thing that everything over there is bigger compared to Denmark. Or I huge, the people are larger and finally their cars are bigger. I guess the cars are more [ 1 ]. * I got this predilection for America because I have cousins who live there. Egg AR feigner colon after because, dad diet eke viewer naturalist at fresh ¦eve pointed/ [ 3 * Including because their military, the pentagon and all the encryption, and a lot of the highly popular brands such as Apple, also come from America. Dad Inter alai vary lilt studentship at burger I denned sandmen ¦Eng, hard Egg I stated bruit order including. Go Veda comes ere deer congruent fell, dad subjected go verbally eke passer seamen. Diet skilled at comes SSTr I fleeter go America SSTr I mental. Terror feigner Egg flatters -set far comes, s diet belier till mental Nellie come.

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System

Spains American Colonies and the Encomienda System In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. With native governments such as the efficient Inca Empire in ruins, the Spanish conquistadors  needed to find a way to rule their new subjects. The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Under the encomienda system, prominent Spaniards were entrusted with native communities. In exchange for native labor and tribute, the Spanish lord would provide protection and education. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked slavery and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. The Encomienda System The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to entrust. The encomienda system had been used in feudal Spain during the reconquest and had survived in some form ever since. In the Americas, the first encomiendas were handed out by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Spanish conquistadors, settlers, priests or colonial officials were given a repartimiento, or grant of land. These lands were often quite vast. The land included any native cities, towns, communities or families that lived there. The natives were supposed to provide tribute, in the form of gold or silver, crops, and foodstuffs, animals such as pigs or llamas or anything else the land produced. The natives could also be made to work for a certain amount of time, say on a sugarcane plantation or in a mine. In return, the owner, or encomendero, was responsible for the well-being of his subjects and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. A Troublesome System The Spanish crown reluctantly approved the granting of encomiendas because it needed to reward the conquistadors and establish a system of governance in the newly-conquered territories, and the encomiendas were a quick-fix that killed both birds with one stone. The system essentially made landed nobility out of men whose only skills were murder, mayhem, and torture: the kings hesitated to set up a New World oligarchy which could later prove troublesome. It also swiftly led to abuses: encomenderos made unreasonable demands of the natives who lived on their lands, working them excessively or demanding tribute of crops that could not be grown on the land. These problems appeared quickly. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 natives and even on such a small scale, it wasn’t long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. Encomiendas in Peru In Peru, where encomiendas were granted on the ruins of the rich and mighty Inca Empire, the abuses soon reached epic proportions. The encomenderos there showed an inhuman indifference to the suffering of the families on their encomiendas. They did not change the quotas even when crops failed or disasters struck: many natives were forced to choose between fulfilling quotas and starving to death or failing to meet quotas and facing the often-lethal punishment of the overseers. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. The mercury mines were particularly lethal. During the first years of the colonial era, Peruvian natives died by the hundreds of thousands. Administration of the Encomiendas The owners of the encomiendas were not supposed to ever visit the encomienda lands: this was supposed to cut down on abuses. The natives instead brought the tribute to wherever the owner happened to be, generally in the larger cities. The natives were often forced to walk for days with heavy loads to be delivered to their encomendero. The lands were run by cruel overseers and native chieftains who often demanded extra tribute themselves, making the lives of the natives even more miserable. Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the natives in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with native women or demanding tribute of their own. The Reformers While the conquistadors were wringing every last speck of gold from their miserable subjects, the ghastly reports of abuses piled up in Spain. The Spanish crown was in a tough spot: the royal fifth, or 20% tax on conquests and mining in the New World, was fueling the expansion of the Spanish Empire. On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indians were not slaves but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically and horrifically violated. Reformers such as Bartolomà © de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. In 1542, Charles V of Spain finally listened to them and passed the so-called New Laws. The New Laws The New Laws were a series of royal ordinances designed to halt the abuses of the encomienda system, particularly in Peru. Natives were to have their rights as citizens of Spain and could not be forced to work if they did not want to. Reasonable tribute could be collected, but any additional work was to be paid for. Existing encomiendas would pass to the crown upon the death of the encomendero, and no new encomiendas were to be granted. Furthermore, anyone who abused natives or who had participated in the conquistador civil wars could lose their encomiendas. The king approved the laws and sent a Viceroy, Blasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez Vela, to Lima with clear orders to enforce them. Rebellion The colonial elite was livid with rage when the provisions of the New Laws became known. The encomenderos had lobbied for years for the encomiendas to be made permanent and passable from one generation to another, something the King had always resisted. The New Laws removed all hope of perpetuity being granted. In Peru, most of the settlers had taken part in the conquistador civil wars and could, therefore, lose their encomiendas immediately. The settlers rallied around Gonzalo Pizarro, one of the leaders of the original conquest of the Inca Empire and brother of Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro defeated Viceroy Nà ºÃƒ ±ez, who was killed in battle, and basically ruled Peru for two years before another royalist army defeated him; Pizarro was captured and executed. A few years later, the second rebellion under Francisco Hernndez Girà ³n took place and was also put down. End of the Encomienda System The King of Spain almost lost Peru during these conquistador uprisings. Gonzalo Pizarros supporters had urged him to declare himself King of Peru, but he refused: had he done so, Peru might have successfully split from Spain 300 years early. Charles V felt it prudent to suspend or repeal the most hated aspects of the New Laws. The Spanish crown still steadfastly refused to grant encomiendas in perpetuity, however, so slowly these lands reverted to the crown. Some of the encomenderos managed to secure title-deeds to certain lands: unlike the encomiendas, these could be passed down from one generation to the next. Those families that held land would eventually become the native oligarchy. Once the encomiendas reverted to the crown, they were overseen by corregidores, royal agents who administered crown holdings. These men proved to be every bit as bad as the encomenderos had been: corregidores were appointed for relatively brief periods, so they tended to squeeze as much as they could out of a particular holding while they could. In other words, although the encomiendas were phased out eventually by the crown, the lot of the native workers did not improve. The encomienda system was one of the many horrors inflicted on the native people of the New World during the conquest and colonial eras. It was essentially slavery, given but a thin (and illusory) veneer of respectability for the Catholic education that it implied. It legally allowed the Spaniards to work the natives literally to death in the fields and mines. It seems counter-productive to kill off your own workers, but the Spanish conquistadors in question were only interested in getting as rich as they could as quickly as they could: this greed led directly to hundreds of thousands of deaths in the native population. To the conquistadors and settlers, the encomiendas were nothing less than their fair and just reward for the risks they had taken during the conquest. They saw the New Laws as the actions of an ungrateful king who, after all, had been sent 20% of Atahualpas ransom. Reading them today, the New Laws do not seem radical - they provide for basic human rights such as the right to be paid for work and the right to not be unreasonably taxed. The fact that the settlers rebelled, fought and died to fight the New Laws only shows how deeply they had sunk into greed and cruelty. Sources: Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970). Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State.New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.

Google human resources practices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Google human resources practices - Assignment Example The analysis should involve a brief overview of the model that will be used. The latter was developed by Edgar Schein and consists of three elements. The first of them focuses on artefacts of an organisation which is anything visible that has a connection towards the company. Indeed, an artefact is not only the logo, it is also the colour that a company primarily uses in its products, the way employees great customers, even the design of the building. In other words, it is the physical manifestation of the company.The second level included espoused values. It must be noted that the elements of the model differ in the way they are connected to the material world; therefore, the second element which will more abstract. Thus, values also stand for the image of the company, but a mental one. In other words, this level includes goals, mission statement and other elements that were designed to explain the manner in which a company operates. In other words, this level of organizational cult ure focuses on the long term perspective of business and encourages people to do their best in order to live up to these expectations.The third element that should be analyzed carefully is underlying assumptions. Indeed, one might suggest that the highest level of manifestation of organisational culture should be extremely perfect and not embodied into anything. While artefacts are physical objects and values can be physically written on a piece of paper, the underlying assumptions are those ideas about the organisation that people take for granted.

Intervention and post-conflict growth (Has to be more specific) Essay

Intervention and post-conflict growth (Has to be more specific) - Essay Example Consequently, the structure of the economy can also be affected by conflicts, and I shall feature the case of the two Latin American countries; Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Furthermore, I shall feature on the causes of conflicts and alternative ways of conflict resolution. This is because, in a conflict situation there has to be a consensus to resolve conflicts for the economy to return normalcy. Instability is one of the factors that have serious adverse effects on the economy. Conflicts have serious consequences on the economy because conflicts, usually, destroy the wheels of the economy one of them being the destruction of the human capital. In post conflict situations, the economy can take a relatively short or long time to recover depending on the measures undertaken to curb the situations in post conflict situations. In the Basque Country case study shows that the GDP dropped by 10% between since the start of the insurgent 1n 1960 (Abadie and Gardeazabal, 2003). The economic growth can be explained from two theories i.e. neoclassical growth theory that predicts that after the conflict the economy recovers quickly. On the other hand, another alternative model explains that the economic recovery may take a long time because the human capital takes a long time to recover (Serneels and Vapoorten, 2010). In some post conflict situations, some countries may fail to progress due to the poor economic performance. Additionally, some of the conflicts inflicted countries experience economy recovery few years after reconciliation (Serneels and Vapoorten, 2010). If physical capital is destroyed during conflicts then an economy is likely to converge quickly but if the human capital is destroyed during the conflict then it will take a relatively long time for the economy to recover to its normal state. According to Serneels and Vapoorten (2010), a civil conflict is less detrimental than an international conflict in terms of physical infrastructure

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment Example MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skju:ˈɛl/ ("My S-Q-L"),[2] but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†si:kwÉ™l/ ("My Sequel"). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.[3] The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[4] Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition. Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google[5] and Facebook.[6] MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP". Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google  Ã¢â‚¬â€ though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.  

Velocity of Sound Experiment

Velocity of Sound Experiment Experiment no. 7: Velocity of Sound Laboratory Report Von Dela Rosa, Anna De Vera, Tricia Desierto, Department of Biological Science College of Science, University of Santo Tomas EspanÃÅ'Æ’a, Manila, Philippines Abstract Three activities were done in the experiment to demonstrate and further analyze the velocity of sound. In the first activity, the velocity of sound in air and in glass tube was computed. In the second activity, the speed of sound was computed using vernier microphone connected to vernier logger pro. Lastly, the speed of sound in solid using Kundts tube was calculated. In the data, it has been found out that the speed of sound in air has a theoretical speed of 347.8 m/s. A percent error of 7.4%, and 10.16% were acquired in the first experiment using different frequencies, and 5.66% error was acquired in the second activity. Lastly, it has been found out that the speed of sound in solid rod is computed to be 5044.33 m/s with a percent error of 15.33% when done experimentally. I. Introduction The pressure disturbance travelling from one particle to another connotes to the velocity of sound[1]. Basically, a sound wave is a travelling disturbance. Wave pulse connotes to a single disturbance while wave train is the series of disturbances. Wave frequency measures the number of pulse have been made in a length of given time[1]. In the simplest sense, frequency is the number of vibrations per seconds. It is usually measured in Hertz(Hz). On the other hand, resonance is the natural vibration frequency of an object. In the experiment, three activities have been done in  order to exemplify the different properties of sound. The objectives of the experiment are: a.) to verify the relationship between frequency of sound and its wavelength b.) to determine the speed of sound by means of a resonating air column; and c.) to determine the velocity of sound in a solid using a vibrating rod. II. Theory Sound wave Sound wave is a disturbance that travels from one location to another location. It is propagated by vibrating objects and can be transmitted through liquid, plasma, or gases as a longitudinal waves though in solids, sound waves can be transmitted as a longitudinal wave or transverse wave[1]. Longitudinal wave is a kind of wave wherein the particles move in a parallel direction relative to the wave direction. On the other hand, transverse wave vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Frequency Frequency is defined as the number of waves per unit of time. Frequency can be computed by dividing the velocity of sound in air to the twice the mean distance of two nodes[2]. V= Theoretical Value of the speed of sound in air à °Ã‚ Ã…“† = Twice the average of the distances between two consecutive displacement nodes Equation 1. Frequency of a Sound Resonating Air Column The basic principle behind the cylindrical air column is that resonance waves will only be produced at a definite frequency[3]. The closed end of the column depicts the wave node and the open end is the antinode. If the frequency of the column is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork, achieving resonance, the intensity of the sound is increased. Therefore, if the frequency of the tuning fork is not equal to the frequency of the column, resonance will not occur and the sound will be faint[2]. L=distance between a point and the top of the glass tube D= Diameter of the resonance tube Equation 2. Equation for wavelength f= Frequency = wavelength Equation 3. Equation for Velocity of sound in air inside the glass tube t= Temperature Equation 4. Equation for speed of sound in air at a certain temperature Kundt’s tube apparatus Kundts tube is an apparatus allows the group to calculate the speed of sound. Sound waves can travel to the tube by rubbing the metal end which will create a squeaking sound. In that scenario, the vibration of the rod will vibrate the disk causing it to propagate the frequency of the rod to the glass tube. Thus, the air inside the tube will move in response to the sound waves. Fine sand will take note of the airs response to the sound wave by exposing the striations done by rubbing the metal end[3]. The antinode, and the node were then noted. The wavelength of sound is twice the length of the rod. Equation for the speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation5. The Equation for the theoretical speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation 6. f= Frequency R= Wavelength of sound in the rod Equation5.Speed of sound in solid Y= Young’s modulus Ï = Density of the rod Equation 6. Theoretical speed of sound in the rod III. Methodology The materials used are resonance tube apparatus, two tuning forks with different frequencies, meter stick, rubber mallet, thermometer, and Kundt’s tube apparatus. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Starting with the water near the top of the resonance tube apparatus, the group had strike the tuning fork using a rubber mallet and placed it on top of the glass tube. The water level was lowered slowly until the loudest sound was heard. The water level was marked at the highest sound heard. After that, the distance between that point and the top of glass tube was measured. Also, the diameter of the resonance tube was also measured. The wavelength of the sound produced was calculated. Two trials have been done to determine the average wavelength. Using the average wavelength and frequency engraved, the velocity of the sound in air was computed. The temperature of air inside the glass tube was also determined without the thermometer touching the water. The speed of sound in air was computed using the noted temperature. The percent error was computed by comparing the speed using the average wavelength and frequency and the speed calculated using the temperature inside the tube. The pr ocedure was computed using other tuning forks. Activity 2: Speed of Sound The vernier microphone was connected to Channel 1 of the interface. The position of the microphone was placed near the open end of a closed tube. The file 24 Speed of Sound in Physics was opened. As soon as the data collection begins, the fingers were snapped near the tube. From the graph in the computer screen, te time interval between the start of the first vibration and start of echo was determined. That time was noted as the time interval for the sound to travel through tube and back. The speed of sound was computed by dividing the length of the tube by one-half of the time interval obtained from the graph. The percent error was computed with the accepted value obtained in the first activity. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid A thin layer of cork dust was placed uniformly in the Kundts tube. The rod was clamped at the center. The rod was rubbed with a piece of cloth with coarse powder, setting the rod into vibration producing high frequency. The wave pattern will be formed in the cork dust inside the glass tube. The displacement of the two consecutive displacement nodes has been measured and the mean distanced of the distance was calculated. The frequency of the sound was also calculated. The speed of sound in the rod and the theoretical speed of sound in the rod were also computed. Lastly, the percent error was calculated using the computed data. VI. Results and Discussion The three activities that were done in this experiment elaborating the speed of sound as it travels along a path. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Temperature of air: 280C Diameter of Resonance Tube= 0.0344 m Table 1A: Measurements of Wavelengths Table 1A shows the frequency of the Tuning Fork and the different wavelengths of the three trials in meters. The result of the wavelength of each trials means that these are the wavelengths where the members heard the loudest sound that the Tuning Fork produced. Table 1B: Calculated Quantities Table 1B shows the computed Average Wavelengths in unit of meters; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds both in unit of meters per second; and their respective % errors. Activity 2: Speed of Sound Table 2: Speed of Sound Table 2 shows the Total and Average Travel Times of both trials in unit of seconds; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds that were calculated in unit of meters per second; and the computed % error of 5.66%. Figure 1: Trial 1 Figure 2: Trial 2 Figures 1 and 2 shows the different Time Interval of trials 1 and 2, between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3 shows the Average distances between node to node in meters; the wavelength of sound in air in meters per second; the frequency of sound in hertz; the length of the rod and the wavelength of sound in rod both in unit of meters, the wavelength of sound in the rod is twice the length of the rod; the experimental and theoretical speeds both in meters per second; and the computed % error of 15.33%. V. Conclusion The relationship between the frequency of sound and its wavelength was verified. In conclusion, the frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The speed of sound was successfully determined by means of a resonating air column with percent errors of 7.4% and 10.16%. The determination of velocity of sound in a solid was successful by using a vibrating rod with a percent error of 15.33%. It can therefore be concluded that the distance between node to node is equivalent to the wavelength of sound. VI. Applications 1. What is the relation between frequency and wavelength of sound produced in a medium? The frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency and vice versa. 2. What is the use of water in the activity 1? The water serves as reflector of sound waves back to the open end to cause a hearing sound if the frequency of the column equals to the frequency of the tuning fork. 3. In medical practice, ultrasound in the range of 1 to 5 megahertz is being used as an imaging modality, The associated wavelength in a typical human tissue range from 0.3mm to 0.06 mm. Find the velocity of ultrasound in the tissue. 4.The outer ear of a human may be thought of as closed pipe 2.7 cm long on the average. What frequency would be most effectively detected by the ear at 30 degrees Celsius. 5. Suppose that we increase the temperature of the air through which a sound wave is travelling, what effect does this have on the velocity of the wave. For a given frequency, what effect does increasing the temperature have on the wavelength of the sound wave? Explain. If the temperature increases, then the molecules are being excited. Therefore the molecules vibrate faster, causing the velocity of the wave to travel faster. Increasing the temperature corresponds to shorter sound wave. 6. If you were lying on the ground, would you hear footsteps sooner or later with your ear touching the ground or not? You would hear the footsteps sooner, because sound travels faster in a solid medium than in air. References: [1]  Pitch and frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Physicsclassroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-2/Pitch-and-Frequency [2]  Ã‚  Resonant air column. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, 2014, from hartnell: http://www.hartnell.edu/physics/labs/4c/2resonantaircolumn.pdf [3] Speed Of Sound In Thin Metal Rods And Young Modulus. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from dsu.nodak: http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/edkluk/public_html/nslab/ls_sv_ym.html