Intervention and post-conflict growth (Has to be more specific) Essay

Intervention and post-conflict growth (Has to be more specific) - Essay Example Consequently, the structure of the economy can also be affected by conflicts, and I shall feature the case of the two Latin American countries; Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Furthermore, I shall feature on the causes of conflicts and alternative ways of conflict resolution. This is because, in a conflict situation there has to be a consensus to resolve conflicts for the economy to return normalcy. Instability is one of the factors that have serious adverse effects on the economy. Conflicts have serious consequences on the economy because conflicts, usually, destroy the wheels of the economy one of them being the destruction of the human capital. In post conflict situations, the economy can take a relatively short or long time to recover depending on the measures undertaken to curb the situations in post conflict situations. In the Basque Country case study shows that the GDP dropped by 10% between since the start of the insurgent 1n 1960 (Abadie and Gardeazabal, 2003). The economic growth can be explained from two theories i.e. neoclassical growth theory that predicts that after the conflict the economy recovers quickly. On the other hand, another alternative model explains that the economic recovery may take a long time because the human capital takes a long time to recover (Serneels and Vapoorten, 2010). In some post conflict situations, some countries may fail to progress due to the poor economic performance. Additionally, some of the conflicts inflicted countries experience economy recovery few years after reconciliation (Serneels and Vapoorten, 2010). If physical capital is destroyed during conflicts then an economy is likely to converge quickly but if the human capital is destroyed during the conflict then it will take a relatively long time for the economy to recover to its normal state. According to Serneels and Vapoorten (2010), a civil conflict is less detrimental than an international conflict in terms of physical infrastructure

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment Example MySQL is officially pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Å'É›skju:ˈɛl/ ("My S-Q-L"),[2] but is often also pronounced /maÉ ªÃ‹Ë†si:kwÉ™l/ ("My Sequel"). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.[3] The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.[4] Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition; Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition. Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software stack. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide Web products, including Wikipedia, Google[5] and Facebook.[6] MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack  Ã¢â‚¬â€ the LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP". Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google  Ã¢â‚¬â€ though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.  

Velocity of Sound Experiment

Velocity of Sound Experiment Experiment no. 7: Velocity of Sound Laboratory Report Von Dela Rosa, Anna De Vera, Tricia Desierto, Department of Biological Science College of Science, University of Santo Tomas EspanÃÅ'Æ’a, Manila, Philippines Abstract Three activities were done in the experiment to demonstrate and further analyze the velocity of sound. In the first activity, the velocity of sound in air and in glass tube was computed. In the second activity, the speed of sound was computed using vernier microphone connected to vernier logger pro. Lastly, the speed of sound in solid using Kundts tube was calculated. In the data, it has been found out that the speed of sound in air has a theoretical speed of 347.8 m/s. A percent error of 7.4%, and 10.16% were acquired in the first experiment using different frequencies, and 5.66% error was acquired in the second activity. Lastly, it has been found out that the speed of sound in solid rod is computed to be 5044.33 m/s with a percent error of 15.33% when done experimentally. I. Introduction The pressure disturbance travelling from one particle to another connotes to the velocity of sound[1]. Basically, a sound wave is a travelling disturbance. Wave pulse connotes to a single disturbance while wave train is the series of disturbances. Wave frequency measures the number of pulse have been made in a length of given time[1]. In the simplest sense, frequency is the number of vibrations per seconds. It is usually measured in Hertz(Hz). On the other hand, resonance is the natural vibration frequency of an object. In the experiment, three activities have been done in  order to exemplify the different properties of sound. The objectives of the experiment are: a.) to verify the relationship between frequency of sound and its wavelength b.) to determine the speed of sound by means of a resonating air column; and c.) to determine the velocity of sound in a solid using a vibrating rod. II. Theory Sound wave Sound wave is a disturbance that travels from one location to another location. It is propagated by vibrating objects and can be transmitted through liquid, plasma, or gases as a longitudinal waves though in solids, sound waves can be transmitted as a longitudinal wave or transverse wave[1]. Longitudinal wave is a kind of wave wherein the particles move in a parallel direction relative to the wave direction. On the other hand, transverse wave vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Frequency Frequency is defined as the number of waves per unit of time. Frequency can be computed by dividing the velocity of sound in air to the twice the mean distance of two nodes[2]. V= Theoretical Value of the speed of sound in air à °Ã‚ Ã…“† = Twice the average of the distances between two consecutive displacement nodes Equation 1. Frequency of a Sound Resonating Air Column The basic principle behind the cylindrical air column is that resonance waves will only be produced at a definite frequency[3]. The closed end of the column depicts the wave node and the open end is the antinode. If the frequency of the column is equal to the frequency of the tuning fork, achieving resonance, the intensity of the sound is increased. Therefore, if the frequency of the tuning fork is not equal to the frequency of the column, resonance will not occur and the sound will be faint[2]. L=distance between a point and the top of the glass tube D= Diameter of the resonance tube Equation 2. Equation for wavelength f= Frequency = wavelength Equation 3. Equation for Velocity of sound in air inside the glass tube t= Temperature Equation 4. Equation for speed of sound in air at a certain temperature Kundt’s tube apparatus Kundts tube is an apparatus allows the group to calculate the speed of sound. Sound waves can travel to the tube by rubbing the metal end which will create a squeaking sound. In that scenario, the vibration of the rod will vibrate the disk causing it to propagate the frequency of the rod to the glass tube. Thus, the air inside the tube will move in response to the sound waves. Fine sand will take note of the airs response to the sound wave by exposing the striations done by rubbing the metal end[3]. The antinode, and the node were then noted. The wavelength of sound is twice the length of the rod. Equation for the speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation5. The Equation for the theoretical speed of sound in the rod is shown in Equation 6. f= Frequency R= Wavelength of sound in the rod Equation5.Speed of sound in solid Y= Young’s modulus Ï = Density of the rod Equation 6. Theoretical speed of sound in the rod III. Methodology The materials used are resonance tube apparatus, two tuning forks with different frequencies, meter stick, rubber mallet, thermometer, and Kundt’s tube apparatus. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Starting with the water near the top of the resonance tube apparatus, the group had strike the tuning fork using a rubber mallet and placed it on top of the glass tube. The water level was lowered slowly until the loudest sound was heard. The water level was marked at the highest sound heard. After that, the distance between that point and the top of glass tube was measured. Also, the diameter of the resonance tube was also measured. The wavelength of the sound produced was calculated. Two trials have been done to determine the average wavelength. Using the average wavelength and frequency engraved, the velocity of the sound in air was computed. The temperature of air inside the glass tube was also determined without the thermometer touching the water. The speed of sound in air was computed using the noted temperature. The percent error was computed by comparing the speed using the average wavelength and frequency and the speed calculated using the temperature inside the tube. The pr ocedure was computed using other tuning forks. Activity 2: Speed of Sound The vernier microphone was connected to Channel 1 of the interface. The position of the microphone was placed near the open end of a closed tube. The file 24 Speed of Sound in Physics was opened. As soon as the data collection begins, the fingers were snapped near the tube. From the graph in the computer screen, te time interval between the start of the first vibration and start of echo was determined. That time was noted as the time interval for the sound to travel through tube and back. The speed of sound was computed by dividing the length of the tube by one-half of the time interval obtained from the graph. The percent error was computed with the accepted value obtained in the first activity. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid A thin layer of cork dust was placed uniformly in the Kundts tube. The rod was clamped at the center. The rod was rubbed with a piece of cloth with coarse powder, setting the rod into vibration producing high frequency. The wave pattern will be formed in the cork dust inside the glass tube. The displacement of the two consecutive displacement nodes has been measured and the mean distanced of the distance was calculated. The frequency of the sound was also calculated. The speed of sound in the rod and the theoretical speed of sound in the rod were also computed. Lastly, the percent error was calculated using the computed data. VI. Results and Discussion The three activities that were done in this experiment elaborating the speed of sound as it travels along a path. Activity 1: Resonating Air Column Temperature of air: 280C Diameter of Resonance Tube= 0.0344 m Table 1A: Measurements of Wavelengths Table 1A shows the frequency of the Tuning Fork and the different wavelengths of the three trials in meters. The result of the wavelength of each trials means that these are the wavelengths where the members heard the loudest sound that the Tuning Fork produced. Table 1B: Calculated Quantities Table 1B shows the computed Average Wavelengths in unit of meters; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds both in unit of meters per second; and their respective % errors. Activity 2: Speed of Sound Table 2: Speed of Sound Table 2 shows the Total and Average Travel Times of both trials in unit of seconds; the Experimental and Theoretical Speeds that were calculated in unit of meters per second; and the computed % error of 5.66%. Figure 1: Trial 1 Figure 2: Trial 2 Figures 1 and 2 shows the different Time Interval of trials 1 and 2, between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Activity 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3: Speed of Sound in Solid Table 3 shows the Average distances between node to node in meters; the wavelength of sound in air in meters per second; the frequency of sound in hertz; the length of the rod and the wavelength of sound in rod both in unit of meters, the wavelength of sound in the rod is twice the length of the rod; the experimental and theoretical speeds both in meters per second; and the computed % error of 15.33%. V. Conclusion The relationship between the frequency of sound and its wavelength was verified. In conclusion, the frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The speed of sound was successfully determined by means of a resonating air column with percent errors of 7.4% and 10.16%. The determination of velocity of sound in a solid was successful by using a vibrating rod with a percent error of 15.33%. It can therefore be concluded that the distance between node to node is equivalent to the wavelength of sound. VI. Applications 1. What is the relation between frequency and wavelength of sound produced in a medium? The frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional to one another. The longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency and vice versa. 2. What is the use of water in the activity 1? The water serves as reflector of sound waves back to the open end to cause a hearing sound if the frequency of the column equals to the frequency of the tuning fork. 3. In medical practice, ultrasound in the range of 1 to 5 megahertz is being used as an imaging modality, The associated wavelength in a typical human tissue range from 0.3mm to 0.06 mm. Find the velocity of ultrasound in the tissue. 4.The outer ear of a human may be thought of as closed pipe 2.7 cm long on the average. What frequency would be most effectively detected by the ear at 30 degrees Celsius. 5. Suppose that we increase the temperature of the air through which a sound wave is travelling, what effect does this have on the velocity of the wave. For a given frequency, what effect does increasing the temperature have on the wavelength of the sound wave? Explain. If the temperature increases, then the molecules are being excited. Therefore the molecules vibrate faster, causing the velocity of the wave to travel faster. Increasing the temperature corresponds to shorter sound wave. 6. If you were lying on the ground, would you hear footsteps sooner or later with your ear touching the ground or not? You would hear the footsteps sooner, because sound travels faster in a solid medium than in air. References: [1]  Pitch and frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from Physicsclassroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-2/Pitch-and-Frequency [2]  Ã‚  Resonant air column. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, 2014, from hartnell: http://www.hartnell.edu/physics/labs/4c/2resonantaircolumn.pdf [3] Speed Of Sound In Thin Metal Rods And Young Modulus. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2014, from dsu.nodak: http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/edkluk/public_html/nslab/ls_sv_ym.html

Watchful Government in George Orwells 1984 Essay -- Supervision 1984

Watchful Government in George Orwell's 1984 No one likes being overly supervised and watched. Whether it is a teenager with protective parents or an adult in the workplace with an ever-watching boss the feeling of continuously being watched is unnerving. Throughout history the levels of government supervision have fluctuated from lows to extremes but sometimes the future seems to hold even more watchful governments. These were the feelings when George Orwell wrote the novel 1984. George Orwell showed a world without the freedoms that citizens in the United States live with every day. From looking at the text of 1984 it is obvious how scary a world it is, however this would never be possible in the United States, where inhabitants are free to live a life without repression. From freedom of the press, to freedom of expression and speech, citizens of the United States live with freedoms that those portrayed in 1984 could only dream of. Throughout his book there were many instances that showed Orwell's concern for the world to come. "The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. At one end of it a colored poster, too large for indoor display, had been tacked to the wall. It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a meter wide; the face of a man of about forty-five with a heavy black mustache and ruggedly handsome features. Winston made for the stairs. It was no use trying the lift. Even at the best of times it was seldom working, and at present the electric current was cut off during daylight hours. It was part of the economy drive in preparation for Hate Week. The flat was seven flights up, and Winston, who was thirty-nine and had a varicose ulcer above his right ankle, went slowly, resting several times on n... ...Big Brother was always watching. Nothing was right unless he said so, and therefore if anyone said anything other then what they were supposed to they would be tried and convicted of a crime. The individual would probably not even know the crime existed. We are lucky as citizens of the United States to have such a freedom. George Orwell predicted a future where an authoritative figure watched every move of every inhabitant. There was no freedom of expression, freedom of speech, and no freedom of the press. For breaking the simplest rule, whatever it may be, the punishment would be severe. Fortunately, George Orwell's predictions of the future came to be untrue. In the United States we live in a society that has freedoms that inhabitants of the world in 1984 did not have. Most importantly, we have the freedom to be free, something George Orwell did not envision.

The United States Illegal Immigration Dilemma

The United States throughout its history has been built by the hard work and contributions of immigrants. Immigration has always been a vital part of the development of this nation from Colonial days until now; however, Illegal Immigrations has become an issue that is not just discussed by the politicians in Washington, DC and those Border States that are been affected most by it. The issue of Illegal Immigration over the last decade or so is now an issue that seems to be affecting more aspects of the Nation than most seem to be aware of. Illegal immigration has the United facing a situation that it has not had to deal with in over two centuries. The issue of illegal immigration is poses several questions that need to be addressed; how did we get ourselves in the predicament that we are in? Was it the Government Policies and Laws that were or are not being enforced? Maybe, the lack of border security or could those employers who hire known illegal immigrants be the cause. Another, topic that needs to be address when considering the dilemma facing the US is; What impact does Illegal Immigration have on the countries overall Economic System? How does this problem affect our Health Care System, our Educational Systems and Employment opportunities for legal Tax-paying citizens? The most important topic of all is; what is a viable solution to the problem of Illegal Immigration? What type of Immigration Reform will work for all parties involved? Will allowing States to come up with their own laws, instead of relying on the Federal Laws be the right answer, or will revising the 14th Amendment, or Amnesty is the solution? Congress’ major intent when creating Immigration Laws and Policies both early in US history and recently was to accomplish the several goals; â€Å"First, to reunite families by admitting immigrants who already have family members living in the United States. Second, seeks to admit workers with specific skills and to fill positions in occupations deemed to be experiencing labor shortages. Third, it attempts to provide a refuge for people who face the risk of political, racial, or religious persecution in their country of origin. Finally, it seeks to ensure diversity by providing admission to people from countries with historically low rates of immigration to the United States† (Congressional Budget Office, 2006 p. 8); however, there are others actions, or lack of action by government agencies that seem to counteract the very intent of the laws and policies created. One example is the lack of funding and enforcement of our countries border security system. Another example is the non-enforcement of laws and policies governing employers who knowing hire illegal immigrants. Statements like the following by then President Bush, sums up the US governments state of mind and the country’s National Interest concerning the Illegal Immigration issue; â€Å"the U. S needs more cheap labor from south of the border to do the jobs Americans aren’t willing to do, there are uncalculated cost involved in the importation of such labor – public support and uninsured medical costs† (Costs of Immigration, 2007, para. 1). Illegal Immigration’s impact on the US economy can be seen in the following areas: Our Health Care System, our Education System and in Employment Opportunities for legal citizens. The net fiscal cost of immigration ranges from $11 billion to $22 billion per year, with most government expenditures on immigrants coming from state and local coffers, while most taxes paid by immigrants go to the federal treasury. The net deficit is caused by a low level of tax payments by immigrants, because they are disproportionately low-skilled and thus earn low wages, and a higher rate of consumption of government services, both because of their relative poverty and their higher fertility. This is especially true of illegal immigration. Even though illegal aliens make little use of welfare, from which they are generally barred, the costs of illegal immigration in terms of government expenditures for education, criminal justice, and emergency medical care are significant. California has estimated that the net cost to the state of providing government services to illegal immigrants approached $3 billion during a single fiscal year. The fact that states must bear the cost of federal failure turns illegal immigration, in effect, into one of the largest unfunded federal mandates. Yet we still have those who believe that illegal immigrants do not have an adverse effect on the economy (â€Å"Center for Immigration Studies†, 2006, para. 1). The Health Care system here in the US has probably seen the biggest impact of illegal immigration when looking at the overall picture and considering the dilemma as a whole. An example of these effects in Texas is the statement made by â€Å"Rick Alleyer, director of research for the Health and Human Services Commission, said illegal immigrant health care – mostly emergency hospital care – cost the state over $100 million last year† (Illegal Immigrant Care, 2010, para. 5). Throughout the country in states like Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California hospitals have had to either closing their doors completely or file bankruptcy because of federally mandated programs requiring free emergency room services to all illegal immigrants. The effects of illegal immigration on the US educational systems may not be as profound as they are for the health care system, the impact is noticeable enough for educators, politicians and state governments to consider when they receive yearly reports of how poorly their schools are performing, the increase in student population, and how the cost of education continues to increase. According to Edwin Rubenstein, â€Å"Immigrant children are poorer than native-born children, and their numbers have increased far faster. At least 19 percent of all K-12 enrollments are the result of immigration. In excess of 9. 2 million are immigrants or the children of immigrants. Because of their lack of language abilities, they take 25 percent of funding. Out of $499. 1 billion in the 2008 school year, $125 billion was spent on foreign born children† (Illegal Alien Education Impact, 2008, par. 7). Notice this was just considering secondary schools in the state of California. There are numerous states and schools that are rewarding illegal immigrants for enrolling in the schools, yet they are denying the same subsidies to lawful students or legal immigrants. The ever increasing number of illegal immigrants flowing into the US every month plays a dramatic role in displacing American workers, over the past five years it is estimated that 1 million legal citizens have been replaced by immigrants allow to come this country on work visas. Another area for concern pertaining to illegal immigration and its effect on employment opportunities is, the trend among illegal immigrants changing from the traditional few industrial area and parts of the country, integrating themselves into all sectors of the economy throughout the nation. The concern here is the increasing widespread demand for their labor. Having discussed some of the areas that our country are faced with, and most do something about, we now will look at some possible solutions on how to deal with this dilemma. Realizing that Immigration Reform is must do, what areas need to be addressed, and what adjustments need to be made is the question at hand. One of the many Immigration Laws and Policies that has been created over the years is the 14th Amendment and the â€Å"anchor baby† concept. This amendment has been in the news and on the mouths of politicians almost as much as Immigration Reform itself. The question that needs to be addressed is will amending this amendment provide enough assistance to drastically decrease the flow of illegal immigrants into the country? If we look at the direct effects that the 14th amendment has on the country some feel very strong about amending this amendment. For example some believe that rescinding the citizenship of anchor babies; â€Å"American hospitals welcome anchor babies†¦Anchor babies are citizens, and instantly qualify for public welfare aid: Between 300,000 and 350,000 anchor babies annually become citizens because of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution: ‘All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside. ’† (Illegal aliens threaten U.  S. economic system, 2008, para. 12). The concept of individual states enacting their own laws and initiatives could be the short term solution. Arizona’s AZ SB 1070 law, even though not fully implemented, is one such example of states taking matters into their own hands not waiting on the Federal government to enforce the laws they created. Arizona Senator Russell Pearce (2010) â€Å"characterizes the illegal immigration problem as one of invasion and quotes the Constitution: â€Å"The United States shall guarantee that every State of this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion† (p. ). Arizona is not the only state that has come up with laws to help deal with the illegal immigration population in their states; you have states like Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, and Oklahoma. The state of California has a bill that has begun the signature process, the California Taxpayer Protection Act of 2010, Initiative 09-0010. This bill is for â€Å"real world citizens, â€Å"The people of California have an opportunity to curb the illegal immigration. Many in California may not have seen the grass lately, but we’ve been seeding our roots† (Dvorak, 2009, p. ) The Illegal Immigration Amnesty bill was signed into law by President Reagan in 1986 in an effort to provide amnesty to illegal immigrants that entered the country before 1982. The intent was to be tighter security on the borders and stricter penalties for employers hiring undocumented workers. Needles to say, this law seem to accomplish the exact opposite. There are some who believe that with the proper oversight and funding this could prove to be a viable solution to the illegal immigration problem that the U. S. aces today. There are also those who believe that the Amnesty Law is a major cause of illegal immigration, many immigrants believe that once they get here to the U. S. they will qualify for amnesty in a matter of time. â€Å"Many in California believe the federal government has dropped the immigration ball over the last 40 years. â€Å"In Washington D. C. they have a few nicknames; reform is code word for amnesty† (Dvorak, 2009, p. 2) It is without a doubt that the US was founded on immigration and its many contributions over the years. The dilemma that we face today brings into question if the laws and policies of the past are serving their intended purposes, if they are still beneficial to the country, and if there are new laws that need to be created to address some of the issues that have been created because illegal immigration. Even though actual numbers of illegal immigrants were not discussed because of inaccurate data; the issues concerning how did we get to this point; what are the impacts of illegal immigration on the countries social and economic systems, and probably the ost the most import issue is what are we going to do about it. The solution to this dilemma should include, not just the enforcement, of the policies and laws established but, it should also make sure they are properly funded as well. The solution should contain initiatives that address those topics that negative effect the country as well as initiative that reward positive effects of illegal immigration; keeping in mind the countries national security and national interests in mind. References http://www.redstate.com/renny/2010/08/17/az-sen-russell-pearce-on-his-states-immigration-law-and-the-rest-of-us/ http://www.theamericanresistance.com/articles/art2005mar13.html http://www.rense.com/general81/illega.htm

Brand Munchy Essay

1.0 Introduction Munchy’s is a brand for various product foods which is includes wafers, roll wafers and biscuit. Today, Munchy’s has produced more than 70 products which are biscuits, wafers and crackers. Captain Munch Cookies, Lexus Sandwich Crackers, Oat Krunch, Muzic & Nuss Wafer Cubes, Sugar & Lite Cream Crackers, Mini Sandwich Biscuits, Munchini, Yosss & Speed Wafer Sticks, Marie Biscuits and Gigabite Wafer Rolls are the best seller among the products of Munchy’s. Munchy’s is successfully in their branding and become number one wafer producer and number two for producing biscuits in Malaysia. Both Munchy Food Industries Sendiri Berhad (MFI) and Munchy World Marketing Sendiri Berhad (MW) are entities of Munchy’s. The main factory of munchy’s is located at Batu Pahat, Malaysia. There have around 60 countries and over 20 000 retailers in Malaysia is selling Munchy’s products. Besides that, 12 distribution and marketing offices is located in Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand. The mission of Munchy’s is to provide joyful, cheeky and reasonable price of biscuits and snacks for everybody. In 2020, Munchy’s wish to achieve 100 countries is distributing their products to accomplish their vision. Munchy’s believe that they can become a well-known brand with continuously development and improvement in their products. They will continue to work hardly for fun snack dream and be recognized as a brand that makes Malaysia proud. 2.0 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic tool which is used to analyze the internal and external factors for helping to identify the organization’s goals by determining and overcome obstacles that will be faced (Ahmad Reza Ommani, 2011). SWOT can be divided into internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). Munchy’s always choose the best ingredients to produce delicious biscuit and wafers. Munchy’s believe that highest quality of biscuit and wafer stick is only can be produced with using the best ingredient. Thus, they are considerate all aspect when choosing supplier of ingredient. Besides that,  they also focus on their brand building by hiring an international adviser to create a unique and well-known brand around the world. Since Munchy’s biscuits are produce in Malaysia, it helps in lowering their production costs. Thus, Munchy’s has become Number 1 brand biscuit in Malaysia in 2008. Furthermore, strength of Munchy’s is focusing on product development continuously by designing product packaging and their brand image to attract more customers to support their product. Munchy’s is just emphasize on the packing of their products and how to make their product more creativity and innovative. This becomes weakness of Munchy’s as they don’t have various with their product and flavor. For example, Nestle Company has various products like milo, coffee, milk, yogurt, ice-cream and others. The value of their products in market can be enhanced with this variety of products as customers range is increased. Besides that, there are some products of Munchy’s which are quite sweets. It is not so suitable for people who have diabetes. Next, there will be Munchy’s opportunities. Munchy’s has joint ventures with retailers such as supermarkets. The benefits of consolidation with retailers are going to get better locations for franchisees. Besides that, Munchy’s also responds to social changes by doing innovation and development to produce healthier lifestyle biscuits such as Oat Krunch. Since the price of Munchy’s biscuits is quite reasonable, financial crises would not have impact on biscuit market. Furthermore, Munchy’s has a very good forecast for the future. In addition, Asians love sweets are also an advantageous to Munchy’s in promote their product.

Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development

Poverty has a lot of meanings. The definition in the dictionary simply doesn’t suffice to show the human cost of poverty. Poverty is much more than the limited capital resources that this definition suggests. Poverty is defined by the federal government as 16,660 for a family of four in 1998 (â€Å"Child Poverty in the United States† 2000). These figures are extremely flawed; a single individual residing in the United States wouldn’t fare well by the standards of most individuals at this income level. Individuals in Cuba, Ecuador, and/or many other nations however, would live as kings on this income. Poverty is, therefore a subjective concept far more complicated than a yearly income. One individual most harshly affected by poverty are those who are the most powerless to do anything about it such as children. Research indicates that extreme poverty in the first five years of life, alters a child’s chances in life compared to lesser degrees of poverty in later life. This is the result of several key factors. The first problem associated with poverty is poor nutrition. It has been proven that poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, poor physical development, and diminished immunity to disease. Children deprived of proper nutrition during the brain’s most formative year’s score much lower on tests of reading, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension and general knowledge. The more poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is likely to be. Government assistance to poor families such as WIC help; however, the guidelines for eligibility fall woefully short of making sure that every child has adequate nutrition. As stated previo usly, the federal guidelines for poverty are ludicrous when applied to real world economics. To further complicate matters, guidelines used by agencies such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services serve to painfully remind the poor that they are a nuisance to be elim... Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development Free Essays on Poverty And Child Development Poverty has a lot of meanings. The definition in the dictionary simply doesn’t suffice to show the human cost of poverty. Poverty is much more than the limited capital resources that this definition suggests. Poverty is defined by the federal government as 16,660 for a family of four in 1998 (â€Å"Child Poverty in the United States† 2000). These figures are extremely flawed; a single individual residing in the United States wouldn’t fare well by the standards of most individuals at this income level. Individuals in Cuba, Ecuador, and/or many other nations however, would live as kings on this income. Poverty is, therefore a subjective concept far more complicated than a yearly income. One individual most harshly affected by poverty are those who are the most powerless to do anything about it such as children. Research indicates that extreme poverty in the first five years of life, alters a child’s chances in life compared to lesser degrees of poverty in later life. This is the result of several key factors. The first problem associated with poverty is poor nutrition. It has been proven that poor nutrition leads to lower intelligence, poor physical development, and diminished immunity to disease. Children deprived of proper nutrition during the brain’s most formative year’s score much lower on tests of reading, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension and general knowledge. The more poverty a child faces, the lower his or her nutritional level is likely to be. Government assistance to poor families such as WIC help; however, the guidelines for eligibility fall woefully short of making sure that every child has adequate nutrition. As stated previo usly, the federal guidelines for poverty are ludicrous when applied to real world economics. To further complicate matters, guidelines used by agencies such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services serve to painfully remind the poor that they are a nuisance to be elim...

How to Write a Literary Term Paper

How to Write a Literary Term Paper A literary term paper is a paper that focuses on analyzing a book, a poem, a short story, a play, or any other piece of writing. Such papers are most commonly necessary for English and literature classes, and they are used to show how much students understand from the literary works that they read during such classes. Literary term papers have varying lengths, tones, depth, and even research. This is why students are urged to obey the instructions as given to them by their teachers. The first step is to write a thesis statement, based on the instructions given by the teacher. The thesis statement should cover the overall idea as will be presented in the paper. It should be written using an argumentative tone. Literary term papers are written from a personal perspective. The thesis statement is not a summary of the story, and should not directly share what the story is all about. The thesis statement can be more than one sentence, but should be as instructed by the teacher. The second step is to write an outline of the paper, which should include an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. In the introduction section, the writer should give introductory information about the topic that they are addressing. In the body section of the literary term paper, a writer should detail all key points of the topic under discussion. These points should be presented in an argumentative manner and should be backed by information from the article being analyzed. This is the section where a writer can show how much of the article they understand, and their personal views in relation to the article, as the topic requires. The final section is the conclusion where the writer should summarize information detailed in the paper, and make a few clarifications, if necessary. While writing, the writer should cite sources that they have used. Since literary papers are meant to analyze a given article, direct quotes are commonly used. The writer should, however, avoid using long quotes and make sure that the quotes used are properly cited within the text. Sections that the writer have paraphrased and summarized should also be cited, and all of these sources are to be included in the reference list at the end of the paper. Once the writer has finished writing the literary term paper, they should revise it thoroughly and make sure that they correct all grammatical errors and format the paper in accordance with the given instructions. There are formatting styles that are used to make papers more presentable when submitting. The writer should choose a formatting style or simply follow the one that is given in the instructions. Finally, the writer needs a reference list that should be set out in accordance with the required formatting style. If you need a custom literary term paper you can contact our professional term paper writing service which provides students with professional term paper writing assistance.

Ghost Dance, Amerindian Rebellion and Religious Ritual

Ghost Dance, Amerindian Rebellion and Religious Ritual The ghost dance was a religious movement that swept across Native American populations in the West in the late 19th century. What started as a mystical ritual soon became something of a political movement and a symbol of Native American resistance to a way of life imposed by the U.S. government. A Dark Moment in History As the ghost dance spread through western Native American reservations, the federal government moved aggressively to stop the activity. The dancing and the religious teachings associated with it became issues of public concern widely reported in newspapers. As the 1890s began, the emergence of the ghost dance movement was viewed by white Americans as a credible threat. The American public was, by that time, used to the idea that Native Americans had been pacified, moved onto reservations, and essentially converted to living in the style of white farmers or settlers. The efforts to eliminate the practice of ghost dancing on reservations led to heightened tensions which had profound effects. The legendary Sitting Bull was murdered in a violent altercation sparked by the crackdown on ghost dancing. Two weeks later, the confrontations prompted by the ghost dance crackdown led to the infamous Wounded Knee Massacre. The horrific bloodshed at Wounded Knee marked the end of the Plains Indian Wars. The ghost dance movement was effectively ended, though it continued as a religious ritual in some places well into the 20th century. The ghost dance took a place at the end of a long chapter in American history, as it seemed to mark the end of Native American resistance to white rule. Origins of the Ghost Dance The story of the ghost dance began with Wovoka, a member of the Paiute tribe in Nevada. Wovoka, who was born about 1856, was the son of a medicine man. Growing up, Wovoka lived for a time with a family of white Presbyterian farmers, from whom he picked up the habit of reading the Bible every day. Wovoka developed a wide-ranging interest in religions. He was said to be familiar with Mormonism and various religious traditions of native tribes in Nevada and California. In late 1888, he became quite ill with scarlet fever and may have gone into a coma. During his illness, he claimed to have religious visions. The depth of his illness coincided with a solar eclipse on January 1, 1889, which was seen as a special sign. When Wovoka regained his health, he began to preach of knowledge which God had imparted to him. According to Wovoka, a new age would dawn in 1891. The dead of his people would be restored to life. Game which had been hunted nearly to extinction would return. And the white people would vanish and stop afflicting the indigenous peoples. Wovoka also said a ritual dance which had been taught to him in his visions must be practiced by native populations. This ghost  dance, which was similar to traditional round dances, was taught to his followers. Decades earlier, in the late 1860s, during a time of privation among western tribes, there had been a version of the ghost dance which spread through the West. That dance also prophesied positive changes to come to the lives of Native Americans. The earlier ghost dance spread through Nevada and California, but when the prophecies did not come true, the beliefs and accompanying dance rituals were abandoned. However, Wovokas teachings based on his visions took hold throughout  early 1889. His idea quickly spread along travel routes, and became widely known among the western tribes. At the time, the Native American population was demoralized. The nomadic way of life had been curtailed by the U.S. government, forcing the tribes onto reservations.  Wovokas preaching seemed to offer some hope. Representatives of various western tribes began to visit Wovoka to learn about his visions, and especially about what was becoming widely known as the ghost dance. Before long, the ritual was being performed across Native American communities, which were generally located on reservations administered by the federal government. Fear of the Ghost Dance In 1890, the ghost dance had become widespread among the western tribes. The dances became well-attended rituals, generally taking place over a span of four nights and the morning of the fifth day. Among the Sioux, who were led by the legendary Sitting Bull, the dance became extremely popular. The belief took hold that someone wearing a shirt that was worn during the ghost dance would become invulnerable to any injury. Rumors of the ghost dance began to instill fear among white settlers in South Dakota, in the region of the Indian reservation at Pine Ridge. Word began to spread that the Lakota Sioux were finding a fairly dangerous message in Wovokas visions. His talk of a new age without whites began to be seen as a call to eliminate the white settlers from the region. And part of Wovokas vision was that the various tribes would all unite. So the ghost dancers began to be seen as a dangerous movement that could lead to widespread attacks on white settlers across the entire West. The spreading fear of the ghost dance movement was picked up by newspapers, in an era when publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were beginning to champion sensational news. In November 1890, a number of newspaper headlines across America linked the ghost dance to alleged plots against white settlers and U.S. Army troops. An example of how white society viewed the ghost dance appeared in the form of a lengthy story in the New York Times with the subheadline, How the Indians Work Themselves Up to a Fighting Pitch. The article explains how a reporter, led by friendly Indian guides, trekked overland to a Sioux camp. The trip was extremely hazardous, owing to the frenzy of the hostiles. The article described the dance, which the reporter claimed to have observed from a hill overlooking the camp. 182 bucks and squaws participated in the dance, which took place in a large circle around a tree. The reporter described the scene: The dancers held on anothers hands and moved slowly around the tree. They did not raise their feet as high as they do in the sun dance, most of the time it looked as though their ragged moccasins did not leave the ground, and the only idea of dancing the spectators could gain from the motion of the fanatics was the weary bending of the knees. Round and round the dancers went, with their eyes closed and their heads bent toward the ground. The chant was incessant and monotonous. I see my father, I see my mother, I see my brother, I see my sister, was Half Eyes translation of the chant, as the squaw and warrior moved laboriously about the tree.The spectacle was as ghastly as it could be: it showed the Sioux to be insanely religious. The white figures bobbing between pained and naked warriors and the shrill yelping noise of the squaws as they tottered in grim endeavor to outdo the bucks, made a picture in the early morning which has not yet been painted or accurately described. Half Eyes says the dance which the spectators were then witnessing had been going on all night. On the following day the other side of the country, the front-page story A Devilish Plot claimed that Indians on the Pine Ridge reservation planned to hold a ghost dance in a narrow valley. The plotters, the newspaper claimed, would  then lure soldiers into the valley to stop the ghost dance, at which point they would be massacred. In It Looks More Like War, the New York Times claimed that Little Wound, one of the leaders at the Pine Ridge reservation, the great camp of the ghost dancers, asserted that the Indians would defy orders to cease the dancing rituals. The article said the Sioux were choosing their fighting ground, and preparing for a major conflict with the U.S. Army. Role of Sitting Bull Most Americans in the late 1800s were familiar with Sitting Bull, a medicine man of the Hunkpapa Sioux who was closely associated with the Plains Wars of the 1870s. Sitting Bull did not directly participate in the massacre of Custer in 1876, though he was in the vicinity, and his followers attacked Custer and his men. Following the demise of Custer, Sitting Bull led his people into safety in Canada. After being offered amnesty, he eventually returned to the United States in 1881. In the mid-1880s, he toured with Buffalo Bills Wild West Show, alongside performers like Annie Oakley. By 1890, Sitting Bull was back in South Dakota. He became sympathetic to the movement, encouraged young Native Americans to embrace the spirituality espoused by Wovoka, and apparently urged them to take part in the ghost dance rituals. The endorsement of the movement by Sitting Bull did not go unnoticed. As the fear of the ghost dance spread, what appeared to be his involvement only heightened tensions. The federal authorities decided to arrest Sitting Bull, as it was suspected he was about to lead a major uprising among the Sioux. On December 15, 1890, a detachment of U.S. Army troops, along with Native Americans who worked as police officers on a reservation, rode out to where Sitting Bull, his family, and some followers were camped. The soldiers stayed at a distance while the police sought to arrest Sitting Bull. According to news accounts at the time, Sitting Bull was cooperative and agreed to leave with the reservation police, but young Native Americans attacked the police. A shoot-out occurred, and in the gun battle, Sitting Bull was shot and killed. The death of Sitting Bull was major news in the East. The New York Times published a story about the circumstances of his death on its front page, with subheadlines described him as an old medicine man and a wily old plotter. Wounded Knee The ghost dance movement came to a bloody end at the massacre at Wounded Knee on the morning of December 29, 1890. A detachment of the 7th Cavalry approached an encampment of natives led by a chief named Big Foot and demanded that everyone surrender their weapons. Gunfire broke out, and within an hour approximately 300 Native men, women, and children were killed. The treatment of the native peoples and the massacre at Wounded Knee signify a dark episode in American history. After the massacre at Wounded Knee, the ghost dance movement was essentially broken. While some scattered resistance to white rule arose in the following decades, the battles between Native Americans and whites in the West had ended. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"The Death of Sitting Bull.† New York Times, 17 Dec. 1890.â€Å"It Looks More Like War.† New York Times, 23 Nov. 1890.â€Å"The Ghost Dance.† New York Times, 22 Nov. 1890.â€Å"A Devilish Plot.† Los Angeles Herald, 23 Nov. 1890.

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work Essay

Does Welfare Reform in New York City Work - Essay Example It stretched from accommodating few natives to a large influx of immigrants from Latin America and other parts of the world. The city had not come up with a long term strategy to include all these new members. So the welfare system was overburdened and after some years (forty years), it started becoming inefficient. In the nineties, employees working for the welfare system in the City felt unsafe and started reinforcing their offices to protect themselves. Clients on welfare had to waste most of their day waiting for welfare workers who could not even deliver upon meeting the clients. Client files started getting lost; welfare workers did not complete cases and kept jumping from client to client so there was no case of continuity. This made most clients angry and they vented out their frustrations on social workers forcing security guards to intervene. This meant that people on welfare could not make time for other productive activities because they spent most of their time trying to chase for benefits and looking for child care. 'Mass confusion' are the perhaps the most appropriate words to use when describing the city's welfare prior to 1995. The New York welfare system underwent a rapid change between 1995 and 2001 or we could say that reforms were introduced. These reforms occurred during Rudolph Giuliani's term as New York mayor. Some of the changes that the welfare system saw were the decline in number of people on welfare; from one point one million to about six hundred. The welfare system's method of approach also changed. Instead of giving checks to clients, they were given jobs; it became employment based instead of issuing handouts. However, there is another side to this reform. Jobs were not just dished out from all directions. Welfare clients had to prove that they were compliant. This implied that the so called 'difficult clients' were not considered this included drug addicts and the like. Besides, this there were problems in system management and all these will be looked at in the subsequent sections in detail. Welfare reforms were not 'the knight on a white horse' for the residents of the City of New York. (Mead, 1992) 2.0 Literature review There are a number of changes that were observed during Giuliani's regime. There is no doubt that the general approach was work oriented. From the 1995 to 1999, most of the policies imposed sanctions and mainly dealt with work requirements. Clients were required to meet a certain criteria and if they were did not comply, then they were met by sanctions. During this time, New York saw the rejection of about a large number of adults. Cases of sanctioning increased from eight percent to fourteen percent. Besides these, the system was characterized by compulsory workfare jobs. This implied that there were a number of adults that were involved in work experience program jobs. These were more of assignments than actual jobs. However in the last years of Giuliani's regime (99-01) emphasis on workfare started diminishing and some emphasis was now being placed on training for jobs. This involved the three plus two model. Welfare adults were required to attend three days of workfare and they were also supposed to dedicate the remaining two days of the week to a training program such as education or job readiness service. There were also a number of programs that focused on special groups.

Ethical and legal debate and implications of stem cell research Essay

Ethical and legal debate and implications of stem cell research - Essay Example certain that various solutions in terms of knowledge, skills, and awareness of long standing diseases will be found, as research done by Sandel (2004) reveals. Goals of stem cell research are highly acceptable in the biomedical field since it is very prolific and realistic using scientific based knowledge to enhance the medical field. The International Society for Stem cell Research (ISSCR) accepts and cultures ideas and proposals from stem cell scientists in an attempt to promote scientific research, knowledge development, and further education in this broad field. Besides encouraging use of accurate and precise use of stem cell research terminologies, the ISSCR actively takes part in educating researchers and the general population in appropriate usage of terms and meanings to avoid conflicting use of certain terms (Sugarman 2008). It also evaluates the importance of conducting stem cell research for a specific reason in the medical field. In an effort to streamline, the optimistic practice there must be several ethical and legal considerations otherwise the whole practice can be detrimental and demeaning to human life and rights (Doerflinger 2010). Ethics remains in connection to scientific and therapeutic importance as well as integrity while laws are concerned with patient’s accessibility to the services and safety; it is more of governmental responsibility to enact laws. Stem cell research has limited practice in most countries in the world with a few exceptions that meet the requirements and standards of undertaking the research. In United Kingdom for instance, stem cell research is crucial and the practice governing is via various legislations and ethical considerations. It has an elaborate and well-build regulatory scheme for stem cell research (Daley et al. 2007). Several reasons justify stem cell research in the UK, the Human Fertilization, and Embryology Act formed in 1990 and the recently formed Human Fertilization and Embryology

Questions on Laws in UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Questions on Laws in UK - Assignment Example An example of this is the Dutch Bureau of Agricultural Land Management which is responsible for the buying of plots of a farmland in rural areas. This organization, as existing shareholders also enjoys pre-emptive rights over the purchase of all such land. Another example is the Flemish Land Company in Belgium who are entitled to override other candidates and buy out farmland should it be up for sale. (OECD, 1998, p.22) b) There are certain exceptions or disapplication of pre-emption rights. They are as follows. The right of pre-emption is not applicable to the sale of treasury shares, held by the company, i.e. issue of equity shares as given by section 560(2) (b) of the Companies Act 2006. Since Treasury shares are bonds or gifts of the government, no pre-emptive rights may be applied to them. If the directors of a company are given the power to allot equity shares by an article of the government or by a special resolution adopted by the concerned company (as stated in section 561 o f the Companies Act), the pre-emption will not apply. Even if it does apply, the allotment of equity shares will be done with some modifications as per the directors’ decisions. ... It is advisable for a company to take its own decisions for optimality. A company may decide that the pre-emption rights will not apply to a specified allotment of shares or it shall apply with some modifications stated in the resolution. The company may do this by putting a special resolution into effect. (Companies Act 2006, Elizabeth II, Part 46, n.d, p.276) If the resolution of the company benefits it and all its shareholders, it this move is welcome but if it is taken due to personal grudges between members of the management, it will lead to injustice and unfairness and harm the company. Answer: 2 a) â€Å"A Business Angel investor is a high-net-worth individual, who typically provides capital, in the form of debt or equity from his or her own funds to a small private business owned and operated by someone else who is neither a friend nor a family member†. (Talmor & Vasvari, 2011, p.16.1) A Venture Capitalist, on the other hand, is â€Å"not only a financier but also eit her an intelligent evaluator who performs due diligence on ventures, a venture’s partner who can add value to the venture, or both†. (Cumming, 2010, p.299) There are some advantages enjoyed by the Business Angels over Venture Capitalists. They are given as follows. i) The transaction costs incurred by business angels are much less than the transaction cost of venture capitalists. The transaction cost for business angels lies between the ranges of $100,000-2,000,000 whereas that for venture capitalists is higher than $2,000,000. ii) The operations of business angels are geographically more dispersed than those of venture capitalists. The existence of venture capitalists is limited to a few areas where there are many

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Summarize - Essay Example Identifying the clues from the kitchen full of mess, the women study the bleakness of the emotional life of Mrs. Wright. They talk of her husband’s dreary nature and her childlessness. In their civil conversation, the women indirectly reveal the psychological profile of Mrs. Wright as a desperate housewife. They find a fancy little box while gathering the quilting material. Inside, they find a dead canary with a wrung neck wrapped in silk, thus reaching the conclusion that the bird was strangled to death by Mr. Wright out of his hatred for its beautiful song. The women hide their discovery from the men and choose not to reveal the little trifle found by them to the men. As the characters exit Mrs. Wright’s kitchen, the women declare that they have learned the quilt making style of Mrs. Wright, saying that she knots the quit rather than quilting it. They do this to denote the way Mrs. Wright has killed her husband. Set after an apocalyptic disaster, Endgame is a story about Hamm, his servant Clove and his parents Nell and Nagg. Everybody is trapped in Hamm’s home. Awakening over his wheelchair, Hamm whistles for Clov. They discuss the possibility of the ending of things. Hamm does not have anybody else whereas Clov does not have anywhere else to live. Addressing his inquiry, Clov tells Hamm that he cannot kill him. Hamm’s parents emerge from trash bins. Nagg tries to cheer Nell up but in vain. They retreat to their trash bins. Clov pushes Hamm’s wheelchair to the exact center of the room. Clov tells Hamm that he sees nothing outside the window and that he is sick of the routinely farce. Clov finds he has a flea and kills it. Clov fetches a stuffed dog to Hamm. Clov accuses Hamm of refusing help to Mother Pegg which Hamm denies. Clove cannot refuse any order of Hamm, to his own surprise. Clov mentions that he would set an alarm clock upon leaving to indicate his departure t o Hamm. Hamm narrates the story of obtaining Clov from his father. Nagg

Antibacterial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antibacterial - Essay Example Their benefit in the medical field and personal hygiene notwithstanding, antimicrobial exhibit certain side effects. Introduction Antibacterial are host of compounds or substances that inhibit or retard the growth of bacteria. They belong to a larger family of compounds known as antimicrobials among which are antifungal and antiviral compounds. Chemically, antibacterial can be isolated from living organisms, obtained by chemical modification of natural compounds or synthesized (Von Nussbaum, 2006). Aminoglycosides, such as streptomycin, are classes of antibacterials that are isolated from living systems. Compounds, such as sulfonamides, that have antibacterial property are obtained solely by chemical synthesis. Semi-synthetic modification of natural compounds also yield antibacterial compounds such as penicillin. The biological activity of antibacterials differs. Some function by killing the target bacteria as in bactericidal agents, while others slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria as in bacteriostatic agents (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents are further grouped as bactericidal disinfectants, bactericidal antiseptic, and bactericidal antibiotics. Several factors, which include the host defense mechanism, the location of the infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial, affect the outcome of antibacterial therapy with antibacterial compound (Pankey and Sabeth, 2004). The concentration of the antibacterial also affects its biological activity of antibacterials, thus in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the antibacterial agent being investigated. To ascertain the drug efficacy of an antibacterial, its antibacterial activity is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and results of other pharmacological parameters obtained during clinical studies. Mode of action of antibacterials The mode of action of antibacterial differs; indeed, this difference offers a criterion for classification of antibacterials as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Some bactericidal agents, such as penicillin, target the bacterial cell wall, while some, for example polymixins, disrupt cell membrane, and another group of bactericidal agents, for instance sulfonamides, interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Antibacterial agents that are bacteriostatic in action, such as tetracyclines, target protein synthesis and eventually slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents have found use as disinfectants, antiseptics and antibiotics. For instance, chloroxylenol, a phenolic, is the active antibacterial ingredient in Dettol (Acenzi, 1996), a household disinfectant and antiseptic. Figure 1. Chemical structure of chloroxylenol Chloroxylenol functions by disrupting the cell membrane potential of bacteria. Potassium permanganate, KmnO4, is a strong oxidizing agent that has find application as an antibacterial agent. It is used as antiseptic and disinfectant for treating aquariums and swimming pools. Mere exposure of KmnO4 to sunlight yields oxygen through its decomposition. 2 KMnO4(s) > K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g) The oxygen oxidizes the cell membrane of the bacteria resulting in the loss of structure and ultimately, cell lysis and death of the bacteria.

Treatment of Adult Mentally Ill Offenders Research Paper

Treatment of Adult Mentally Ill Offenders - Research Paper Example   Besides, the number of inmates has tripled in the last threes decades with the notion that jails and prisons in the U.S have been converted to new mental hospitals. In recent research, an infamous prison in the state registered 33.8 % inmates who are mentally ill as per psychiatric diagnosis with chronic mental illness registering a higher rate as compared to non-chronic mental illnesses. Among all offenders in prison, depression, substance use disorders and anxiety or panic disorders are the three most common categories of diagnoses (Langan & David, 2002). â€Å"In the movie, The New Asylums by Miri Navasky & Karen O’Connor (2005), today there are over 500,000 mentally ill people who are held in jails and prison throughout America, 10 times the 50,000 that remain in the mental hospitals, although, most part of this movie shows higher percent of male inmates as compared to female inmates, numerous scenes of mentally ill people are common in the streets throughout America. According to Fred Cohen, Prison Mental Health Consultant, those who are mentally ill in the streets end up going to mental hospitals. ... Treatment in Prison All over the world and more so in the United States of America, there have been differing theories that concern the treatment that is given to prisoners as well as the services that should be provided to them in the current penal system (Langan & David,2002). In any criminal system, there are simple choices of the verdict that are given to the convicts; they are either reformative or punitive. The main aim of any reform system is to take criminals and ensuring that they are helped to move past the issues they have at hand. Punitive treatment entails the use of physical pain and torture as punishment for committing crimes. In fact, United States has been described as a punitive nation. Langan & David, 2002 argues that the main goal of the punitive system is to ensure that criminals see and understand that participating in crimes is not worth at all. A good example of a punitive method to offenders is by taking them to boot camps. Booty camps are governmental correc tional and penal systems that are predominant in the United States. Having modeled to resemble the armed forces recruit training camps, these programs are based on distress incarcerations that have military techniques. Offenders get punishment such as stocking although it has been scalped off in the recent past. In essence, critics say that these kinds of programs serve only to frustrate the offenders and do not make much distinction in their lives as is intended apart from having them pay for their crimes in harsh ways. In addition, most of the sentences that are given to these offenders cannot be easily reduced even if the offenders show sign of improvement or change. Rehabilitative penalty simply means re-enabling or making fit again prisoners to enable them to rejoin society.  Ã‚  

Antibacterial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antibacterial - Essay Example Their benefit in the medical field and personal hygiene notwithstanding, antimicrobial exhibit certain side effects. Introduction Antibacterial are host of compounds or substances that inhibit or retard the growth of bacteria. They belong to a larger family of compounds known as antimicrobials among which are antifungal and antiviral compounds. Chemically, antibacterial can be isolated from living organisms, obtained by chemical modification of natural compounds or synthesized (Von Nussbaum, 2006). Aminoglycosides, such as streptomycin, are classes of antibacterials that are isolated from living systems. Compounds, such as sulfonamides, that have antibacterial property are obtained solely by chemical synthesis. Semi-synthetic modification of natural compounds also yield antibacterial compounds such as penicillin. The biological activity of antibacterials differs. Some function by killing the target bacteria as in bactericidal agents, while others slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria as in bacteriostatic agents (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents are further grouped as bactericidal disinfectants, bactericidal antiseptic, and bactericidal antibiotics. Several factors, which include the host defense mechanism, the location of the infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial, affect the outcome of antibacterial therapy with antibacterial compound (Pankey and Sabeth, 2004). The concentration of the antibacterial also affects its biological activity of antibacterials, thus in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the antibacterial agent being investigated. To ascertain the drug efficacy of an antibacterial, its antibacterial activity is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and results of other pharmacological parameters obtained during clinical studies. Mode of action of antibacterials The mode of action of antibacterial differs; indeed, this difference offers a criterion for classification of antibacterials as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Some bactericidal agents, such as penicillin, target the bacterial cell wall, while some, for example polymixins, disrupt cell membrane, and another group of bactericidal agents, for instance sulfonamides, interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Antibacterial agents that are bacteriostatic in action, such as tetracyclines, target protein synthesis and eventually slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents have found use as disinfectants, antiseptics and antibiotics. For instance, chloroxylenol, a phenolic, is the active antibacterial ingredient in Dettol (Acenzi, 1996), a household disinfectant and antiseptic. Figure 1. Chemical structure of chloroxylenol Chloroxylenol functions by disrupting the cell membrane potential of bacteria. Potassium permanganate, KmnO4, is a strong oxidizing agent that has find application as an antibacterial agent. It is used as antiseptic and disinfectant for treating aquariums and swimming pools. Mere exposure of KmnO4 to sunlight yields oxygen through its decomposition. 2 KMnO4(s) > K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g) The oxygen oxidizes the cell membrane of the bacteria resulting in the loss of structure and ultimately, cell lysis and death of the bacteria.

King Leopolds Ghost Essay Example for Free

King Leopolds Ghost Essay Between 1880 and 1920, the population of the Congo was slashed in half: some ten million people were victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion, exposure, disease, and a plummeting birth rate. Why do you think this massive carnage has remained virtually unknown in the United States and Europe? During all this death there was only a few who would go down into the Congo because of all its dangers. So with hardly anyone already going down there and those who did brave the dangers would usually come back insane from a disease of some sort, there was just not enough evidence to prove how bad it was really getting even with those who made it out fine. There was also no communication possible only by mail and considering the dangers no persons would risk their life to take a letter to and from the jungle. So how can you, with not enough brave people to go down there, get the information out to the world. But even those who got it out and tried to spread the word would be persecuted for saying such things because nobody wanted to help them because that would put their life in danger. No one in their right mind would even venture down to that part of Africa. So with no phones, pagers, computers, or mail to get the word out and sickness and animals killing most that went down there. Even those who go looking for these camps cannot usually find them because there in rural eras of the jungle which, for some, are impossible to attain. There was just no possible way to get word out to the rest of the world to get help. Now even with all the technology to find and go to them we still don’t hear much of them. We have all the vaccines to fight off all the disease and help the dying people in Africa. So even though we have all that still not much people want to help because they are caught up in the world they are living in and nothing else matters until they get what they need and want. The human race is selfish and only looks out for themselves. Question 6 The European conquest and plunder of the Congo and the rest of Africa was brutal, but so was the European settlement of North America and, long before that, the conquest of most of European by the Romans. Hasn’t history always proceeded in this way? Well yea, history has a way of repeating itself. Nothing only happens one time in history. There is always going to be those crazy Hitler type people out there and those who go power drunk and take over their country and then try to take over the world. And yes, whenever you go exploring a new place it’s going to be difficult. Have you ever heard someone say’ â€Å"I went exploring a new continent and it was easy. † There is so much that goes into exploration. You need tools, maps, guides, protection from animals and natives. Pretty much anything new you do is not going to be easy for you to do. Anything you do needs time, practice, and plans, but most important in needs to be organized. If nothing was organized the world would be in chaos. So yes history has and will be forever keep repeating itself to keep balance and stability to the world. It will always have its ups and always have its downs. It doesn’t matter who or what you do to try and prevent it. God has established the status quo and there is nothing anyone can do about it. Question 13 Hochschild quotes Roger Casements as insisting to Edmond Morel’s â€Å"I do not agree with you that England and America are the two great humanitarian powers †¦ [they are] materialistic first and humanitarian only a century after. † What evidence supports or refuses Casement’s judgment? Would Casement be justified in making the same statement today? Now back in that time we were more of a humanitarian country because first of all we didn’t have all the same technology we did today. Second we were pretty much a new country and we were trying to make a good name for us. Then third we went to war for other which was no cause of our own and all we did was help out less fortunate countrys than us. See now during this time it is a little different. We have all sorts of distractions. We have technology, we have more murder, and we are being more protective of our people. We use to go to war for no cause just to help out but now when we are attacked we don’t want to go to war. So you can say we are and have been a little of both the whole time. Back then we went to war to help people now we are sending missionaries to camps around the world to help people. But in the end let’s hope that we become more

Reviewing Biological And Psychological Crime Theories Criminology Essay

Reviewing Biological And Psychological Crime Theories Criminology Essay Mans attempt to understand the causes of crime and deviance predates written history. Prehistoric skeletal remains show evidence of primitive cranial surgical procedures. This appears to indicate that, during these more primitive times, people thought spiritual evils in the mind caused crime and deviance. Cranial surgery was the effort to open the mind and allow the unwanted spiritual influences to escape. Since these early times, many theoretical perspectives concerning crime and deviance have emerged. Biological, psychological, and sociological theories are the most widely known. This paper will focus on Cesare Lombrosos biological theory of anthropological criminology (atavism) and Gabriel Tardes psychological modeling theory of imitation. Biological crime theories began in the 16th century with the ideas of J. Babtiste della Porte (1535 1615). He was the founder of human physiognomy. Human physiognomy is the study of physical features to determine an individuals characteristics. Early biological theorists studied physical features to make assessments about a persons criminal propensity (Kroeber, 2006). Fundamentally, if criminality is inherited, then an offender can be distinguished by physical atavistic stigmata. The physical appearance, they believed, distinguishes criminal types and the positivist method was the biological approach these scholars chose. These ideas differed from the ideas of contemporary scholars in that they also believed in lower forms of life, anecdotes, and folk wisdom as explanations of crime (Farrington, D., 1996). The biological explanations of crime available today include abnormalities of the brain, brain damage, head trauma, genetic predispositions, vitamin deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), lack of serotonin (neurotransmitters) in the brain, and blood abnormalities. Since many criminologists academically center on the social sciences, theories of deviant behavior based on biology are not widely accepted in the field of criminology. Society tends to reject biological explanations of crime because of the belief that biological equals hopelessness. Schmalleger (2006) states that some biological theories simply show abnormalities to be facilitators of crime, rather than determinants of criminal behavior. Biological crime theories involve various fundamental assumptions. These assumptions are the brain is the center of behavior and personalities, the manifestations of behaviors, to include criminal propensities, are in some form gene tically predisposed, differences in crime rates among races and gender are a result of biological differences but will only show in certain environments, biological crime facilitators and determinants may be passed to succeeding generations, and human behavior is instinctive and characteristic of all organisms (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 144). One of the most renowned scientific biological theorists was Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909). Lombroso coined the term atavism to suggest that criminal behaviors were the result of primitive impulses that successfully survived the evolutionary process. Lombroso and his students used the ideas of Charles Darwins theory of evolution and discredited the classical ideas of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Lombroso believed in determinism rather than the ideas of free will. Free will is the idea that all individuals have an equal opportunity to make choices and to act criminal. Lombrosos class of thought is known as the Italian School. Lombroso theorized physical characteristics would represent primitive impulses. The characteristics that he found to be common among criminals, he labeled, atavistic (Ellwood, 2000). Atavism is a real or supposed evolutionary throwback. Atavists possess an unexpected appearance resembling the primitive traits of man or the reversion of such a trait that was present in the lineage of the past. This representative trait is not seen often in intervening generations after primitive creatures. Atavisms can occur when the previous genes for such phenotypical features are preserved in DNA and are dominantly shown. These genes may be present in organisms but not expressed in dominate features (Farrington, D. 1996). Social Darwinists frequently used the ideas of atavism. This class of thinkers claimed that inferior races would display atavistic traits and those individuals expressing atavistic characteristics are an inferior form of their primitive race. The notion of atavism is saturated with the ideas of evolution as a progress towards a greater complexity and superior ability of man (Farrington, D. 1996). Statistical evidence and the idea that physical traits indicate criminality has not been substantiated. However, the concept that physical traits can indicate the likelihood of criminal behavior is still popular in some circles. Lombrosos work was the result of studying postmortem bodies of executed offenders and deceased criminals. He measured the body in many different ways. He took measurements from 65 executed criminals and 832 living offenders and compared them with the measurements taken from 390 soldiers. Lombroso used this data to identify consistencies between traits and characterized his findings as criminal features. Among the traits he found to be predictive of criminal behavior, were index finger length, fleshy cheeks, close eyes, large teeth, lobe-less ears, high defined cheek bones, crooked nose, large lips, abnormal number of ribs, and different eye colors. Lombroso hypothesized that possession of certain combinations of traits could be used to identify a specific type of offender. For example, the classification for habitual homicide is cold, glassy eyes, a large nose, a strong jaw; large cheekbones, thin lips; and dark, curly hair (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 147). Psychological crime theories available today include Frustration-Aggression Theory, Modeling Theory, Behavior Theory, and Self-Control Theory. Gabriel  Tarde (1843-1904) first introduced the psychological modeling theory of imitation. This psychological perspective states that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves like others whom they have observed. The suppositions that provide the basis for his theory, as with most early theories, are analysis of the individual, personality is the major motivational element, criminal behavior is purposeful for the individual, normality is defined by social consensus, and crime results from inappropriate mental processes. Furthermore, inappropriate mental processes have many causes to include diseases of the mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, and poor role models (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 183). Psychocriminologists generally focus on personality disorders that include psychopaths, sociopaths, and antisocial personalit ies to explain criminal behavior.   Gabriel Tarde believed that the laws of imitation were the basis of any society. He rejected the biological theories of crime proposed by Cesare Lombroso and other criminologists of his time, stating that certain inferences of law or regularities govern the social world. Tarde developed a behavior theory based on three laws of imitation. Tardes first law of imitation states that individuals that regularly and closely interact with each other behave similarly. The application of this law can be seen in groups such as white supremacists. These individuals focus most of their time and attention on ideas of white superiority and actively promote these ideas. Due to their close interaction with one another, they tend to exhibit the same behavior. The second law rests on the premise that imitation follows a hierarchical pattern. In the United States Marine Corps, Marines of junior rank often emulate their leaders. This idea of hierarchical imitation is positively reinforced through educati on and training. Tardes third law is that of insertion. This law conveys the notion that new ideas, modus operandi, or methods reinforce prior successful patterns or replace failed or less efficient methods. In the Marine Corps, leadership ideas that have been used for over 230 years are reinforced everyday because they are successful. At the same time, new methods for implementing those ideas are replacing outdated, less efficient methods (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 194). There are presumed advantages and disadvantages to both biological and psychological crime theories. In the criminology field, biological theories are advantageous because they provide a basis for the hypothesis that criminal behavior can be predicted by physical traits, chemical make-up, and genetic factors. In theory, once identified, criminal behavior can be treated through various medical therapies to include behavior modification, hormonal therapy, and gene therapy. The disadvantages of biological crime causation theories generally lie with methodological problems and the types of analysis employed to gather statistical data. Schmalleger (2006) states that biological studies often fail to include proper testing groups resulting in flawed forms of analysis. Glenn D. Walters and Thomas W. White, critics of biological perspectives, note the shortcomings of biological crime theories. They assert that the degree of criminality is improperly established, often based on one arrest, sam ple groups are not varied or realistically selected, results are left open for interpretation thus detracting from the integrity of the research, and findings from outside of the United States may not be applicable (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 172). Another disadvantageous aspect of biological crime theories is the potential impact on public policy. If biological studies are conducted that show credible information to the public regarding a certain biological trait for criminality, the outcry for legislation would be great. For example, if all criminals have gene-x, the people would demand laws be put in place that protected society from gene-x carriers. However, data obtained from biological crime studies is not consistent but can be interpreted. Furthering the x-gene example, while all criminals have the x-gene not all carriers of the x-gene are criminals. This could result in unfair practices against some innocent carriers. Psychological crime theories are beneficial to investigations today because they provide the framework used in developing typologies of psychological profiles utilized to identify personality characteristics of criminal individuals. Psychological explanations assist the investigator in understanding the criminal mind thereby increasing the chances of apprehension. Additionally, if crime causation factors are identified, offenders may be treated more efficiently, possibly reducing recidivism. Psychological crime causation theories also pose disadvantages to the field of criminology. D.A. Andrews and James Bonta (1994) discredit contemporary psychological theories stating that psychological and sociological criminology findings are not obtained through objective and empirical means therefore representing weak psychology in mainstream society. Another disadvantage of psychological theories is that they are more often applicable to sexual and violent crimes, include untestable postulations, and fail to account for situational factors (OConnor, T. 2004). In conclusion, it can be inferred that no one theory definitively explains crime. Biological and psychological crime theories address crime and deviance explanations from different, but equally feasible perspectives. The early biological ideas of Cesare Lombroso stimulated the emergence of more contemporary theories. Although his crime explanations are not widely used today, they provided a foundation for further thought in the criminology field. Similarly, Gabriel Tarde proposed an alternate crime explanation with his theory of imitation. Tardes thoughts encouraged social thinkers to expound on his ideas and develop more contemporary crime theories that are in practice today. Both biological and psychological explanations for criminality and deviance present advantages and disadvantages but it must be noted that each provide practical value to criminologists today.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affirmative action has two distinct meanings. The first definition of affirmative action refers to individuals having equal opportunity without regard to their sex, race, and religion. The second meaning is almost exactly the same, except that it is directly related to sex, race, and religion. Affirmative action was brought about to ensure the freedom and rid of discrimination in many different situations. For example, many "Upper Class " jobs, such as government employment, were rarely ever given to the minority classes. Although, affirmative action has had numerous negative impacts despite the fact that it was created for the good of society.(http://www.adversity.net/Terms_Definitions/TERMS/Affirmative_Action.htm) The United States authorized the Civil Rights in 1964, as a result, many problems were brought about in society and the way it functioned. Many disadvantages and consequences were faced for people with physical complications such as those with handicaps or the elderly. In time, the problem became greater and something had to be done in order to resolve this issue. On September 24, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson made Executive Order #11246 official at Howard University which required federal employees "to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed..without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." Without knowing so, President Johnson had created one of the most problematic and ironically one of the most segregated legislations.(Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia) At first affirmative action was made in order to assist the under privileged people of America which was highly discriminated against when the Civil Rights act was brought about. There was social conflict, economic stress, and racial tension did not make the position of those with no source of income any easier. Was it a coincidence that most entrepreneur, business leaders, and managing positions in the United States was held by white males? It did not take long before the majority realized that the business leaders and corporate executives were discriminating towards minorities and those not of the same race, religion, or sex. President Johnson's choice was highly approved by most of the middle and lower class people. Naturally, the leaders, executives, and managers did not think highly of President Johnson.(Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia) Not so long after the legislation was passed, many minority groups were already seeking revenge and were looking to take advantage of the newly implemented affirmative action laws. The main minority group that was affected by the new laws were those of African-American decent.

American Imperialism Essay -- US Imperialism Power Expansion

Imperialism, defined by Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, is "the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas"(Merriam-Webster). During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its political and economic influence around the globe. The United States has become an empire. Although the United States has less power – in the sense of control over other countries’ internal behavior – than Britain did when it ruled a quarter of the globe, the United States now has more power resources relative to other countries than Britain had at its imperialistic peak. American Imperialism was driven by a need for markets and raw materials, as well as the desire for power and success. The United States increasingly appears to be an im perial power. Manifest Destiny was the driving force responsible for changing the face of American history. Manifest Destiny, described by Dictionary.com, is a policy of imperialistic expansion defended as necessary or benevolent. It is the 19th century doctrine that gave the right to the United States to expand through North America. In 1845, a democratic leader and influential editor by the name of John L. O'Sullivan gave the movement its name. In an attempt to explain America's â€Å"thirst† for expansion, and to present a defense for America's claim to new territories he wrote: ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive de... ...ong the Kuwait-Saudi Arabian border (www.deoxy.org). It is only logical, due to the previous history of the United States, that one can only conclude that our invasion of Iraq is only to pursue imperialistic ambitions. Throughout the United States history, imperialism has been prevalent. Even with its mother country Britain, when Britain had controlled a quarter of the Earth. The imperialistic ambitions primarily started with our Manifest Destiny philosophy. In many of today’s magazines, newspapers, and articles, they theorize, question, and argue about the question: Is the United States an empire? The answer to that question is: Yes, America is an Empire. A lot of Americans are calling this the Age of American Imperialism. In conclusion, America is an imperial power. Works Cited http://www.merriam-webster.com/ http://www.fff.org http://www.deoxy.org

Developmental Delays Essay

1 in every 6 U.S. children are diagnosed with a developmental disability, according to a new Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention study published online in the journal Pediatrics Monday. The represents an increase of 17% between 1997 and 2008 alone. Child development refers to the process in which children go through changes in skill development during predictable time periods, called developmental milestones. Developmental delay occurs when children have no reached these milestones by the expected time period. For example, if the normal range for learning to walk is between 9 and 15 months, and a 20-month-old child has still not begun walking, this would be considered a developmental delay. Developmental delays can occur in all five areas of development or may just happen in one or more of those areas. Also the growth in each area of development is related to growth I the other areas. So if there is a difficulty in one area, such as speech and language, it is likely to i nfluence development in other areas like social and emotional. Children are placed at genetic risk by being born with a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. A good example of genetic risk is Down syndrome, a disorder that causes developmental delay because of an abnormal chromosome. Environmental risk results from exposure to harmful agents either before or after birth, and can include things like poor maternal nutrition or exposure to toxins like lead or drugs or infections that are passed form a mother to her baby during pregnancy. Environmental risk also includes a child’s life experiences. For example, children who are born prematurely face severe poverty, mother’s depression, poor nutrition, or lack of care and are at increased risk for developmental delays. Risk factors have a cumulative impact upon development. As the number of risk factors increases, a child is put at greater risk for developmental delay. There are several general â€Å"warning signs† of possible delay. These include: * Behavioral * Does not pay attention or stay focused on an activity for as long a time as other children of the same age * Focuses on unusual objects for long periods of time; enjoys this more than interacting with others * Avoids or rarely makes eye contact with others * Gets unusually frustrated when trying to do simple tasks that most children of the same age can do * Shows aggressive behaviors and acting out and appears to be very stubborn compared with other children * Displays violent behaviors on a daily basis * Stares into space, rocks body, or talks to self more often than other children of the same age * Does not seek love and approval from caregiver or parent * Gross motor * Has stiff arms and/or legs * Has a floppy or limp body posture compared to other children of the same age * Uses on side of body more than the other * Has a very clumsy manner compared with other children of the same age In addition, because children usually acquire developmental milestones or skills during a specific time frame or â€Å"window†, we can predict when most children will learn different skills. In the world today there are many programs for children who are experiencing developmental delays. These programs help the children catch up if it is possible and improve the skills they have. Examples of such programs include: * IEP (individualized education plan) * Early intervention services * IFSP (individualized family service plan According to the CDC the percentages of U.S. children in the age group of 3-17 years of age, 1997-2008 are as follows: * Any developmental disability * 13.87% * Learning disability * 7.66% * ADHD * 6.69% In conclusion I would say there are a lot more options today for children with developmental delays then there were years ago. We are making progress in helping our special needs children and this will continue to help them improve the quality of life that these children have in their future. I also believe that all children develop at a slightly different pace and some of the more recent diagnosis might be to quick to hand out. I am a parent of 2 special needs children one mild and one more severe so I can relate to this subject more and have a bias opinion on both sides of the discussion. 1 in every 6 U.S. children are diagnosed with a developmental disability, according to a new Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention study published online in the journal Pediatrics Monday. The represents an increase of 17% between 1997 and 2008 alone. Child development refers to the process in which children go through changes in skill development during predictable time periods, called developmental milestones. Developmental delay occurs when children have no reached these milestones by the expected time period. For example, if the normal range for learning to walk is between 9 and 15 months, and a 20-month-old child has still not begun walking, this would be considered a developmental delay. Developmental delays can occur in all five areas of development or may just happen in one or more of those areas. Also the growth in each area of development is related to growth I the other areas. So if there is a difficulty in one area, such as speech and language, it is likely to i nfluence development in other areas like social and emotional. Children are placed at genetic risk by being born with a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. A good example of genetic risk is Down syndrome, a disorder that causes developmental delay because of an abnormal chromosome. Environmental risk results from exposure to harmful agents either before or after birth, and can include things like poor maternal nutrition or exposure to toxins like lead or drugs or infections that are passed form a mother to her baby during pregnancy. Environmental risk also includes a child’s life experiences. For example, children who are born prematurely face severe poverty, mother’s depression, poor nutrition, or lack of care and are at increased risk for developmental delays. Risk factors have a cumulative impact upon development. As the number of risk factors increases, a child is put at greater risk for developmental delay. There are several general â€Å"warning signs† of possible delay. These include: * Behavioral * Does not pay attention or stay focused on an activity for as long a time as other children of the same age * Focuses on unusual objects for long periods of time; enjoys this more than interacting with others * Avoids or rarely makes eye contact with others * Gets unusually frustrated when trying to do simple tasks that most children of the same age can do * Shows aggressive behaviors and acting out and appears to be very stubborn compared with other children * Displays violent behaviors on a daily basis * Stares into space, rocks body, or talks to self more often than other children of the same age * Does not seek love and approval from caregiver or parent * Gross motor * Has stiff arms and/or legs * Has a floppy or limp body posture compared to other children of the same age * Uses on side of body more than the other * Has a very clumsy manner compared with other children of the same age In addition, because children usually acquire developmental milestones or skills during a specific time frame or â€Å"window†, we can predict when most children will learn different skills. In the world today there are many programs for children who are experiencing developmental delays. These programs help the children catch up if it is possible and improve the skills they have. Examples of such programs include: * IEP (individualized education plan) * Early intervention services * IFSP (individualized family service plan According to the CDC the percentages of U.S. children in the age group of 3-17 years of age, 1997-2008 are as follows: * Any developmental disability * 13.87% * Learning disability * 7.66% * ADHD * 6.69% In conclusion I would say there are a lot more options today for children with developmental delays then there were years ago. We are making progress in helping our special needs children and this will continue to help them improve the quality of life that these children have in their future. I also believe that all children develop at a slightly different pace and some of the more recent diagnosis might be to quick to hand out. I am a parent of 2 special needs children one mild and one more severe so I can relate to this subject more and have a bias opinion on both sides of the discussion.