Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Essays

Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Essays Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Paper Regionalism in Canada and Its Effects Paper Regionalism and Its Effects on the Canadian State Since the beginning of Canadian history, regionalism has had a prominent effect on the country`s political system. The concept of regionalism can be defined as a political ideology grounded on a shared sense of place or attachment and is discussed in terms of Canadian society, culture, economy and politics. 1. From the days of confederation, Canada has developed into regional cleavages and identities based on various geographical characteristics, traditional lifestyles and economic interests. Two of Canada`s greatest regionally distinct political cultures are known as Western alienation and Quebec nationalism. 2. Historically, the lack of regional awareness and accommodation within Canada’s central government has given rise to a great deal of regional discontent. Much of this discontent comes from the uneven distribution of economic activity amongst Canada`s provinces. Also, federal policies made in favour of central Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are consequently placing the West, the East and the North at an even greater disadvantage. Thus, in this paper, I am going to argue that regionalism is weakening the Canadian state and at its worst, is pulling the country apart. Due to major differences in geography, population and ethnicity, the federal government’s response to Canadian demands differs from region to region. Quebec nationalism is a great example of a distinct regional culture setting back Canadian unity. The historical English vs. French cleavage has been a significant and very influential feature within Canadian politics. Ever since the division of Lower and Upper Canada took place in 1791, French Canadians have been concerned with finding their own independence. This became a principal political issue as English Canadians saw this as a threat to the country’s national identity and togetherness. Several constitutional reforms have been made in response to Quebec separatism such as the Notwithstanding Clause, allowing the province to maintain its French language, Catholic religion and Civil law. For other provinces, the special status given to Quebec was seen as unjust and resulted in many regional conflicts and complaints. Another distinct regional culture affecting Canadian Politics is well known as Western alienation which is defined as the following: A regionally distinct political culture through and within which are expressed economic discontent, the rejection of a semi-colonial status within the Canadian State, antipathy towards Quebec and French-Canadian influence within the ational government, the irritation of the West’s partisan weakness within a succession of Liberal national governments, and the demand from provincial political elites for greater jurisdictional autonomy. For the reason that Canada’s regional identities are based on conflicting interests and demands from the federal government, Canada is fundamentally made difficult to govern. The disintegration of the Canadian political life is greatly caused by the federal partiality presented in Canada’s national political institutions. Criticism of the lack of regional representation in Canada’s federal system has been mainly directed to Parliament and both the electoral and party systems. Effectively, the central government’s failure to increase the role of regions within its political institutions has left the underrepresented provinces of Canada with little to no confidence in their government whatsoever. A major contribution to regional complaints comes from one of Canada’s most unsatisfactory and ineffective national political institutions, the Senate. Established by the British North American Act in 1867, the Canadian Senate was formed as an equivalent to the British House of Lords. 4 Also known as the upper house, the Senate was created as a way of including the representation of under populated provinces into the operation of the federal government. At the time, the Canadian Senate consisted of 72 senators with 24 members appointed from Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes each. As new provinces and territories were added to the federation, they later became a part of the Senate which presently holds a total of 105 seats. Today, Ontario and Quebec have maintained their 24 member senatorial status. The four Western provinces have 6 members each. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick both have 10 seats. Prince Edward Island was given 4 out of the original 24 Maritime senators. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador have a total of 6 members. Finally, Nunavut, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories stand in the equation with 1 senator apiece. Along with the Senate`s original intentions, the principle of equality between the provinces is evidently lost. The Senate primarily fails because it was formerly created to balance out the representation by population which lies in the House of Commons however currently only seems to reinforce it. In fact, Canada’s central provinces, Ontario and Quebec, account for 60 percent of the seats in the House of Commons and almost half of the seats in the Senate at 46 percent. The inadequacy of regional representation is emphasized as the Canada West Foundation clearly states: â€Å"Canada is the only democratic federal system in the world in which the regions with the largest populations dominate both houses of the national legislature. 6 With an unelected Senate that no longer fulfills its role of equal regional representation and a House of Commons grounded on the representation of provinces proportional to their population, the legitimacy of Parliament has become a great political concern and is a major factor attributing to the state’s existing regional tensions. A second political institution adding to the growth of regional grievances is the design of the electoral system. Canadian elections are based on an electoral system most commonly known as the â€Å"first-past-the-post† system. This system is constructed in a way where citizens of numerous geographical regions or constituencies are allowed to elect a single candidate as their o wn political party representation. Basically, the candidate with the most votes in a given constituency wins a seat in the House of Commons. However, this type of electoral system raises many questions about whether election outcomes are truly and justly representing party preference on the national scale. The main reason for this criticism relates to the fact that candidates are able to win an election in a constituency regardless of whether they won over 50 percent of the total popular vote. Consequently, the number of seats a party wins in the House of Commons will very unlikely be in proportion with their actual share of the popular vote. Therefore, the system has the tendency to punish minor parties with widespread provincial support while benefiting the leading parties with rather concentrated central support. A great example of the misrepresentation of the electoral system was seen during the 1979 elections when Joe Clark of the Conservative party was elected as Prime Minister, despite the Liberals receiving at least 4 percent more of the country’s popular vote. 8 Not only is the electoral system a distortion of public opinion, it causes many voters to feel insignificant and uncared for which greatly contributes to the existing low voter turnout and even as to why Canadians are so indifferent about politics altogether. A third way wherein the federal government fails to accommodate regional interests is among the political parties themselves. The party system is an essential aspect of the operation of a democratic government but given that most political parties depend on central Canada for the majority of their votes, the party system has become meaningless and once again regional interests are overshadowed. The lack of a nationwide connection between political parties and Canadian citizens is evident as the party system becomes more and more regionally concentrated. Since the first Canadian elections, the Liberals and the Conservatives have been the most dominant political parties to date. 9 Because Ontario and Quebec are appointed the most seats in the House of Commons, both the Liberal and Conservative parties rely on the votes of the central Canadian population. In doing so, it is impossible for other parties to achieve a majority in the House even if they win the combined seats of Western, Atlantic and Northern Canada. Thus, in 1993 Canada’s party system became a lot more regionally based. For examples, le Bloc Quebecois only runs candidates in Quebec as its sole purpose is to find Quebec sovereignty and the Reform party based in Alberta was created as a way of expressing how regional alienation is overwhelmingly felt by Western Canadians. All in all, Canada’s national political institutions are far from being representative of Canadian society which results in the devaluation of political activity and is greatly weakening the Canadian state. Historically, support for central Canada’s economic development has always been a priority on the political agenda. For the reason that Canada’s national policies are strongly biased towards Ontario and Quebec, economic success is not evenly dispersed throughout the Canadian State. An example wherein central Canada was at an advantage over other provinces was when John A. Macdonald implemented the â€Å"National Policy† in 1879. This policy consisted of the establishment of a transcontinental railway and placed a tariff on imported manufactured goods in order to allow domestic goods to be sold at a lower price. In doing so, U. S. manufacturers invested in the vast exploitation of Western Canada’s natural resources in which countless jobs and recruiting opportunities were made possible for many Canadians. The purpose of the policy was to help advance the development of the Canadian economy, however while Ontario benefited enormously, the Western and Eastern provinces were placed at a significant disadvantage. Not only did the federal government have jurisdiction over West Canada’s natural resources, farmers in the Prairies had to buy Canadian agricultural equipment that was at a much higher price than the American agricultural equipment they had bought prior to the policy. This enabled many regional complaints and demands from the West and it was not until 1930 when the Prairie provinces finally gained control of their natural resources. Another example of federal government discrimination is known as the National Energy Program. Introduced in 1980, the NEP was meant to increase federal control and ownership of the oil industry so that Canadians were protected from the negative effects of rising and falling world energy prices. In order to accomplish this goal, price controls and federal taxes on oil and gas production were implemented. However, while Canada’s consumers and heartland industries benefited from Alberta’s energy resources, great opposition from Western Canada was met. Albertans were mainly upset for the reason that the federal government was going against their provincial rights, despite Alberta having control over their resources. This feeling of alienation augmented as oil companies moved toward central Canada, leaving Albertans with a tremendous loss of wealth and a great deal of unemployment. Thus, the abuse and discrimination of Western Canada in was a major factor in fuelling Canadian regionalism. As many Prime Ministers have said, Canada is one of the most difficult countries to govern effectively. 10 Regionalism is continually weakening the Canadian state and at its worst, is pulling the country apart. Politicians must realize that Canada’s differences in geography, culture and economic demands are a daily fact and will forever influence Canadian politics. In order to restore public confidence in our central government, regional tensions, conflicts and demands must be addressed. A great way in tackling the negative effects of regionalism is by strengthening the role of Canada’s provinces within our national political institutions. Changing the Senate to an elected one where every province is represented by an equal number of senators is a preferable solution in dealing with regional disparities. Thereby, national policies can be made without having the interests of a province over other provinces and important national issues can be dealt with based on the viewpoints of all of Canada and not merely focusing on those of Ontario and Quebec. Moreover, political parties can also play an important role in improving the Canadian political life. 11 In establishing a more mea ningful relationship between political parties and Canadian citizens, people in society can elect a more favourable political leader who can efficiently respond to their personal needs and suggestions. Ultimately, public trust and public involvement within the federal government can be restored. By including a provincial dimension to Canada’s national political institutions, politicians will have a much better understanding of how significant regional opinion truly is and how regionalism can essentially be changed to strengthen the Canadian state and to re-establish Canada’s unified identify. References 1. Stephen, Brooks. Canadian Democracy: An Introduction, fifth edition. Canada: Oxford University Press, 2007. 2. Henderson, Ailsa. Regional Political Cultures in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 2004. 3. Kerstetter, Steven. Rags and Riches. Wealth Inequality in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2002. 4. Stilborn, Jack. Senate Reform: Issues and Recent Developments. Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, 2008. 5. D’Aquino, Thomas, G. Bruce Doern, and Cassandra Blair. Parliamentary Democracy in Canada: Issues for Reform. Methuen: Business Council on National Issues, 1983. 6. Canada West Foundation. Regional Representation: The Canadian Partnership. Calgary: The Canada West Foundation, 1981 7. Milner, Henry. First Past the Post? Progress Report on Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces. Institute for Research and Public Policy, 2004. 8. Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics, fourth edition. Nelson Education, 2008. 9. Savoie, J, Donald. All things Canadian are now regional. Journal of Canadian Studies, 2000. 10. Lewis, J. P. Canadian Government and Politics. Lecture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Mar. 18, 2010. 11. Fox, Graham. Rethinking Political Parties. Public Policy Forum, 2006.

Summary of Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary of Readings - Essay Example Regular prayers and devotions were part of the Christian religious processes for the welfare of the faithful and it was this formed the basis of the development of timekeeping technology and its dominance of our current capitalistic societies. It was not that time keeping was not there earlier, but the development of the clock as an expression of new timekeeping technologies removed the vagaries of nature that inhibit regulatory and order in the pervious time keeping technologies. Starting from the fourteenth centuries clock towers emerged in cities and towns to dominate life the life of their citizens (1). Other technologies may have come and may also lay claim to be all pervasive in human civilization, but there is no technology that has pervaded every niche of human presence and dominated the activities of humankind. The orderly punctual existence brought on by the mechanical clock is not in keeping with basic nature of humankind and yet, modern civilization remains a slave to the chimes of the mechanical clock. The regular chimes of mechanical time in seconds and minutes are in disharmony with the irregular nature of the human body, yet in modern civilization, basic human organic functions are controlled by this mechanical time. Humankind lives, works, and exists now in keeping with tunes of the tool of time keeping technology in the form of the time keeping clock (1). Biology in the Evolution of Technology In Chapter 3, History of the Seventh Kingdom in his book â€Å"What Technology Wants†, Kevin Kelly 2011, opines that the seventh kingdom of technology is not merely an invention of humankind, but has its origins in life itself, and continues to evolve as living organisms have done so from the time life dawned on planet Earth. The six kingdoms of living organisms have evolved and adapted over several hundred millions of generations in an unbroken link, and also learnt to build and evolve external structures. Structures to live in are the most commo n of these external structures. Such shelters of an animal are extension of the animal itself, and in this manner technology is the extension of humankind. This is visible in all the technologies developed and used by humankind, such as even the clothes that we wear. Technology in essence represents an external repository for human ideas (2). An evaluation of the evolution of human technology demonstrates a number of similarities with the evolution of genetic organisms. The manner in which a particular species of technology evolves over time is very similar to that of genealogical blueprint of species evolution, with the difference that in technology it is the expression of ideas and not the work of genes. Different branches of technology combine to create new products, just as evolution in organisms evolves through mating. Evolution in technology is parallel to evolution of nature. An example of this lies in the transformation of simple alphabets into books, which are the storehous es of human knowledge. This is similar to the transformation of DNA into cells and organisms (2). Yet there are differences too in the manner in which technology differs from living organisms. Organisms can be long-living while many technologies are short-lived. Innovations in organisms are passed down from parent down to the offspring vertically, while innovations in technology

Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication - Assignment Example Dr. Stern proposes opposite view by advocating the marriage institute. She delivers authentic reports from reliable sources Such as Harris polls report. Both of them are very much accurate in providing factual information about traditional and non-traditional marriages in America. Observation comes under the category of qualitative research whereas inference is more associated with quantitative research. Both of their points have a strong platform of observations and inferences. The observation of Prof. Weiss is presented through the example of Adam & Rachael, a couple living together without marriage. The insurance company denied combined policy to them just because they were not married couple. Weiss advocates the theory of individualism with this example, and further points out the same traditional values applied in changing circumstances. The inference is presented by him with legal system of America, Germany and Netherlands. When Dr. Stern propagates her viewpoints, her arguments also are supported by strong evidences and observations. Through her observations she talks about the adverse effect of domestic partnership of society. She also gives the authentic report of Harris Poll about same sex marriages. (57% Americans are against same sex marriage) First person is Prof. Weiss. His observation is based on the case study of a couple living together without marriage and how the law and social system do not legalize their relationship. Second persons observation is naturalistic which is based on the behavioural pattern of individual in natural context. The arguments propounded by both speakers come under deductive arguments. A deductive argument is intended by the arguer to be valid. It provides an assurance of truth in its conclusion. The conclusion made by the two speakers is very strong which has a strong base of evidences of observations and inferences. Prof. Weiss has an

Overview and Analysis of Research Methodologies

Overview and Analysis of Research Methodologies INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the research methodologies adopted for the research. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches was adopted by the researcher in order to attain a realistic result from the research. Specifically, the chapter discusses the range of methods used by the researcher for the research, research philosophy, research strategy and research methods used to gain data and data analysis. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY Research philosophy is about the system in which the research problem should be fundamentally approached, and this includes: positivism, realism and interpretivism. (Davies, 2007) Positivism: The roots of positivism lie particularly with empiricism, which works with observable facts. The basic philosophy behind positivism is that, all factual knowledge is based on the positive information gathered from observable experience, and that any idea beyond this realm of demonstrable fact is metaphysical. Only analytic statements are allowed to be known as true, through reason alone. (Davies, 2007) Interpretivism is a view that believes that the world and reality are not objective and external, but are socially constructed and given meaning by people. This view is usually referred to as the qualitative approach and is based on an inductive procedure (Rea and Parker, 2006).(why appropriate to use) Saunders et al (2003) defines realism that is based on the belief that a reality exists that is autonomous of human thoughts and beliefs, and that can influence their perceptions either consciously or unconsciously. Management and Business research is often a mixture between positivist and interpretivist, perhaps reflecting the stance of realism. (Scheurich, 2007) The research issues will try to find out, the extent of employee involvement in the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC as a case study. What they do well or not in this regard. Thus, the research philosophy is interpretivism rather than positivism. Deciding which research method will be adopted depending on what research philosophy is adopted is relevant in a research, Rea and Parker, (2006). For positivism, a deductive process involves the development of a conceptual and theoretical standpoint prior to its testing through empirical observation while for interpretivism, it involves an inductive procedure which is the reverse of deductive process. Interpretivism involves reflecting on recent and past experiences (Davies, 2007). Realism accommodates the use of both deductive and inductive processes (Scheurich, 2007). The research philosophy for this research is interpretivism; therefore, an inductive procedure is adopted.(why is it appropriate) RESEARCH STRATEGY A research strategy is the plan for the researcher to carry out his research. The main research strategies include experiment, survey and case study etc. The chosen research strategy for this research is the case study. According to Davies, (2007), case study is the development of detailed, intensive knowledge about a single case, or a small number of related cases. The advantages of using case study include: the detailed observations surrounding the case study method, allow us to study many different parts, scrutinize them in relation to each other, view the process with its total environment and also utilize the researcher’s capacity for versatility. As a result, case study provides us with a greater prospect than other available methods to obtain a holistic view of a specific research; this is not to say that researches based on case study have no shortcomings. A common criticism of case study is that it provides a limited basis for the traditional â€Å"scientific generalisation†. (Gomm, 2009)(explain what it means and introduce your company briefly and of what benefit will it be to the organisation) DATA COLLECTION Data collection is the most crucial process in a research or study and it comprises of two types: the primary data and the secondary data (Scheurich, 2007) SECONDARY DATA (Cancell this section entirely, it is not necessary) instead put multi-method approach i.e, why have you choosen questionnaire and interview methods) expantiate with reasons in your own words According to Scheurich, (2007), secondary data is that which the author has not been responsible for gathering ‘first-hand’. It therefore includes all the data gathered by someone else and presented in a variety of forms, such as journal articles, reports, archive materials, companies annual reports, newspapers and magazines, conference papers, internet and books etc. For this research, the secondary data collection related to TQM and employee involvement in the implementation and the objectives of this research mainly come from books, journal articles and internet search. PRIMARY DATA According to Scheurich, (2007), primary data is any data which the author has obtained ‘first-hand’ from its original source as part of the ‘applied’ aspect of his research. It therefore, does not include any data previously gathered by anyone else. Hence, primary data sources include: individual enquiry in the form of observation, conversations, questionnaires, interviews etc. For this study, telephone interview and questionnaire will be used for collecting the primary data.(why is it useful and possible barriers to it in your own words opinion) QUESTIONNAIRES Questionnaires are one of the most widely used data collection strategy. It provides an efficient way of collecting responses from a large sample prior to quantitative analysis, because each respondent is asked to respond to the same set of questions. (Saunders et al, 2003). Questionnaires can be associated with both positivism and interpretivism approaches of research. The response rate, the reliability and validity of data collected are two key criteria to a good questionnaire. (Scheurich, 2007) According to Davies, (2007), three main techniques exist in exploring peoples’ opinion and attitudes. These include: Closed questions: the respondent is required to select between a limited numbers of answers. Open-ended question: the participant is allowed to use his discretion in providing any answer to the questions and it’s either written down, verbatim or the researcher is armed with a list of probable pre-determined responses. Scales: limited choice of answers has been chosen to measure an attitude, an intention or some aspect of the participant’s behaviour. The key to designing scalar questions is to decide on what should be measured and then to select the relevant attributes by which they can be rated. In this study, closed questions and scalar questionnaire will be used.(explain why you used it properly in your words opinion) Questionnaire design is important to quantitative data collection. Most of the style of the quantitative method is attitude scaling. There is an example question ‘Reward system’ below Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree I am satisfied with the organisation’s reward system 1 2 3 4 5 The advantages of choosing questionnaire method are time saving for participants and guarantee the accuracy of questionnaires, because the pattern of questions are the same .The next stage is to identify the number of sample(say how you encouraged them to do so). The questionnaire will be designed with 25 questions in four A4 papers(because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.). There are about 400 people in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC head office in Lagos, comprising of 5 departments and the questionnaire will be distributed to 100 people who are working in different departments and holding different job positions (managers and employees). Based on the number of people working in each department, the questionnaire will be distributed in the following order: HRM department = 30 Purchasing department = 20 Product department = 15 Finance department = 10 Marketing department = 25 Before this explain the rationale behind your choosing this departments and how they were encouraged to participate) Because of the long distance, the distribution and collection of questionnaires will be e-mailed to the researcher’s friend who is equally a manager in one of the branches of PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC at IIupeju, in Lagos state. He will print 100 questionnaire copies and help the researcher to distribute and collect these questionnaires, then post to the researcher.( more on question design like objectives and questions that answers them) INTERVIEWS According to Scheurich, (2007), interviews are associated with positivist and interpretivist philosophies. This is an approach where the selected respondents are asked questions about what they do, think or feel. A positivist method suggests ‘closed questions’ which have been designed prior to distribution. An interpretivist method suggests ‘unstructured questions’, where the questions have not been designed in advance. There are five different interview styles: structured interview, semi-structured interview, focus group interview and telephone interview.(which did you choose and reason because , reason problemstec) Although the questionnaire has provided the researcher with the main data about what PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC does well or not in the involvement of employees in the implementation of TQM from the participants, the reasons and thoughts of their opinion cannot be ascertained. Thus, four telephone interviews will be utilized in this research (the CEO who is very familiar with the organization, HR manager who knows the employees needs and wants and their level of motivation in doing their job, the marketing manager who well know marketing and front- line employees, Product manager who well knows about quality of their products and back-line employees). The purpose of the interview is to find out what is, in the mind of the interviewee that cannot be known directly (Scheurich, 2007). The interview method is a very good complement to the questionnaire. Telephone interview allows interviews sometimes with individuals otherwise not accessible because of one reason or the other. It therefore involves speed, access and lower cost. There are also disadvantages with interview method for qualitative data. This particularly relates to the complexity in establishing the needed trust, usually so important for obtaining this type of data (Davies, 2007). However, in this research, the researcher is quite familiar with these interviewees, so this eliminates the problem associated with trust when interviewing people over the phone. The findings from above analysis will be linked to theories and opinions with the intention of drawing a conclusion and making adequate recommendation. data requirement table with how each objective each objective is been meant ie.like the one you did befor but put obj I : question so and so 1 ,7 ,8,23) (what questions dis you ask and why ,link to objectives) and refer to interview schedule appendix that you have prepared and refer to them) SAMPLING Whatever your research questions and objectives, you will need to collect data to answer them. If you collect and analyse data from every possible case or group, it is referred to as census, but for many research questions and objectives, it will be impossible for the researcher ,either to collect or analyse all the available data, owing to restrictions of time, money and often access (Saunders et al, 2003). According to Saunders et al,( 2003), sampling technique provide a wide range of methods that enable the researcher to minimize amount of data the researcher need to collect, by considering only data from a subgroup, rather than all possible cases or elements, and which can be categorised into two broad groups of probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability samples, are notable by the fact that each population element has a known, non zero chance of being selected in the sample, but with non-probability samples, the reverse is the case, where there is no way of estimating the probability that any population element will be included in the sample, and thus, there is no way of ensuring that the sample is representative of the population. This study will be based on non- probability sampling because the sample size is not critical. The size of the interview is 4 persons, and for the questionnaire, it is 100. The choice of interviews within the sample will be based on managers holding different job positions in the organisation and whose ability to contribute meaningfully to the topic under research is not in doubt. DATA ANALYSIS Quantitative data analysis can be categorized into two types: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics deals with quantitative data that are summarised or displayed in the form of charts, tables, percentages and averages. This type of statistical method is commonly used in management research for analysing data obtained from investigations of a limited nature (Davies, 2007) Inferential statistics may involve the application of descriptive statistics, but have the main aim of drawing results from the data with regard to a theory, model or body of knowledge. Also, this frequently involves reaching a conclusion from a ‘sample’ to generalize to the ‘total population’. This type of statistical method is therefore important to those whose research undertaking is based on positivism (Davies, 2007) The research philosophy for this research is interpretivism, thus, an inductive process is adopted. Therefore, the descriptive statistics is adopted in this study, because the questionnaires are to be collected from limited respondents and using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) or Excel to analyse the data. A percentage table will clearly show the results of the same sort of questions. Take sample question as an example Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Reward system n=100 1 1% 3 3% 7 7% 64 64% 25 25% From the above table, it can be seen that most of the employees at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC are not satisfied with the reward system in place in the organisation, thus, the organisation is not doing well in this aspect to motivate employees to put in their best, in the implementation of TQM strategy.(how did you you analyse the qualitative data like†¦giving iterpterations to what was said duing the interview session†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. and quantitative data Ms excel (reason and why talk more please) LIMITATIONS The results from 4 interviews and 100 participants in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC may not be representative of what would be found in the larger number of employees. The people invited to take part in the questionnaire, may influence the outcome, because some respondents may respond in a way that the organisation want them to respond, rather than giving their genuine opinion, because of fear of repercussions. The researcher would have preferred to interview more of the employees at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC by himself, instead of relying on the marketing manager and product manager to give the opinion of front-line employees and back-line employees respectively during the interview, but this was not possible because of distance problem. Sample distribution was also limited by distance; the researcher could not personally distribute and collect the questionnaires, so, maybe respondents to the questionnaire at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC may not cover all departments as intended. (ETHIC CONSIDERATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..ONE OR FOUR PARAGRAPHS) EXAMPLE : SPEAK ON CONFIDENTIALITY AND GIVE REASON MAYBE TO REASSURE THEM ETC AND LOOK FOR OTHER REASON YOU CONSIDERED LIKE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦THEN GIVE REASON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.LOOK AT APPENDIX 1) *** Generally ,put every thing in past tense as if you have done it) ****(your data anlysis should be change to findings and conclusions as chapter four as in the paper she gave you in discussion @ office) **** conclusions and recommendations as chapter 5 *** write an action plan and reflective statement(5 pages of refective statement) like u did with hrm in context despite u telling them u don’t need cipd , she said it’s a requirement) (multi method approach) Multiple Methods in ASR by Jerry A. Jacobs, Editor, American Sociological Review In recent years, the American Sociological Review (ASR) has featured papers based exclusively on ethnographic research (e.g., Timmermans, 2005), interview data (e.g., Tyson et al., 2005), and sociological theory (e.g., Frickel and Gross, 2005). However, a series of papers that combine different types of data and approaches in the same study are especially noteworthy. One quarter of the papers I have accepted for publication in ASR since becoming editor in 2003 draw on more than one research method. This brief essay highlights some of the ways that authors have employed such multi-method1 research to provide a more informative account of the social world. Interviews and Surveys Several authors of ASR papers have conducted interviews in order to refine the questions employed in a subsequent statistical analysis. In this approach, the qualitative investigation helps to clarify the nature of the issues under investigation, but the â€Å"real proof† is presented in the statistical analysis. For example, Benson and Saguy (2005) interviewed 150 journalists, politicians, activists, and academics in their study of the media coverage of social problems in the United States and France. However, the empirical heart of their article was a statistical analysis of 750 articles on immigration and 685 articles on sexual harassment in these two countries. Similarly, Uzzi and Lancaster (2004) conducted in-depth interviews with a small number of lawyers and clients before embarking on a study of social ties and pricing patterns in large U.S. law firms. Qualitative data play a more central role in the research of Cherlin and his colleagues (2004) on abuse in families. After conducting a survey of more than 2,000 families, Cherlin et al. followed up on 256 of these families with a series of repeated, open-ended interviews over a period of 12-18 months. They found that reports of abuse surfaced increasingly as respondents came to know the researchers over this extended series of interviews. Thus, in this study, qualitative data played a key role in obtaining a more complete and accurate measurement of the phenomenon under investigation. Qualitative data are also sometimes used to help clarify the meaning of the responses to survey questions and to better understand the social processes that might produce broad outcome patterns. For example, Edgell (forthcoming) and colleagues interviewed respondents in four cities to follow up their national survey of attitudes toward atheists. The qualitative data helped establish that attitudes toward atheists are not generally the result of face-to-face encounters but rather represent a symbolic affirmation of the role of religion and skepticism about the moral standing of those who would reject a role for religion in their lives. Similarly, Giordano and colleagues (forthcoming) conducted a survey of more than 1,000 adolescents and then asked more detailed, open-ended questions of a subset of 100 respondents. They drew conclusions about gender differences in confidence, engagement, and power from both types of data. Multiple Quantitative Approaches Multi-method studies are not limited to the blending of qualitative and quantitative research but can also appear in the artful combination of different quantitative methods in the same study. Pager and Quillian (2005), for example, combined a social experiment with a follow-up survey in their study of racial discrimination in hiring practices. The first portion of their study uses an â€Å"audit† methodology, sending â€Å"testers† to apply for jobs at various employers who had advertised positions. This experiment is designed to compare the success of Black and White applicants who are portrayed (fictitiously) as having or not having criminal records. Pager and Quillian returned to the same employers six months later to conduct a survey of the employer’s attitudes about hiring different types of employees. In addition to uncovering discrepancies between employers’ deeds versus words, this follow-up survey allowed a comparison of the insights that can be gained from survey versus experiment. In another case, You and Khagram (2005) combined aggregate national data (i.e., one data point per country) with a multi-level statistical analysis of survey data from 30 countries. They used the survey data to bolster their claim that countries with more inequality have more corruption because there is a higher normative acceptance of corruption in countries characterized by higher levels of inequality. Historical Analyses Historical studies often combine various types of data. For example, Somers and Block (2005) principally examined historical documents in their investigation of welfare reform in Great Britain in the 1830s and the United States in the 1990s. They supplement this qualitative analysis of political texts with a statistical portrait of welfare expenditures before and after reform in both countries. Similarly, Riley (2005) draws on archival, statistical, and spatial data in his study of the connection between civil society and the rise of fascism in Italy and Spain. Wilde’s (2004) study of the success of the reform movement during Vatican II is primarily a qualitative analysis of archival documents, but her summary of the vote counts is an indispensable element in her story. Molnar’s (2005) study of debates among Hungarian architects drew on interview data as well as historical documents and supporting statistics. The 1950s time period she studied is recent enough that parti cipants were still alive and available for interviews. Schwartz and Schuman’s (2005) paper, â€Å"History, Commemoration and Belief,† draws from an especially broad range of sources. They show that while the reputation of President Lincoln as a great leader has remained strong, the basis for this belief has shifted from Lincoln as the â€Å"savior of the union† before the Civil Rights movement to Lincoln as the â€Å"great emancipator† since that time. They support this claim using data from surveys conducted over a 50-year period, as well as analyses of history textbooks, the writings of leading historians, and cultural symbols such as statues and memorials. Their theoretical point is that the study of commemoration as portrayed in statues and celebrated in parades should be accompanied by research on how these commemorative activities are received, as tapped by surveys and other measures of popular beliefs. Thus, in their view, a complete assessment of issues of collective memory requires multiple sources of data. Obstacles While multi-method research can be a fruitful research strategy, this approach is neither necessary nor sufficient for completing a high-quality study. Designing, collecting, and analyzing data from across diverse methodological styles is often only possible under the aegis of a large research project. Dissertation writers, for example, may wish to combine methods but may lack the time and money to complete each facet of the study effectively. Many seasoned investigators also face obstacles that put this strategy out of reach. Moreover, the presentation of different types of data in a single article presents its own challenges. For example, space constraints may prevent the full presentation of qualitative findings. It can be difficult to achieve a substantive and stylistic balance between diverse genres of research. And sometimes different sorts of data speak to somewhat different issues. In short, multi-method papers present their own challenges and thus require at least as much skill and insight to be effective as do single-method studies. Many sociologists view the social world as a multi-faceted and multi-layered reality that reveals itself only in part with any single method. While there are precedents for most if not all of the approaches described above, their use by so many scholars is striking. Multi-method research is more common in the context of journal articles than was the case a decade or two ago. It is also significant that so many sociologists are combining methods rather than trying to herald a single approach as the right way or the best way. Notes 1 I use â€Å"multiple-method research† to refer to studies that draw on data from more than one source and present more than one type of analysis. Such research often, but not always, combines quantitative and qualitative data.Hierarchical linear models typically draw on data from different sources but combine them in a single statistical analysis. Studies that exclusively rely on this very useful method would not qualify as multi-method. Of the 66 papers I have accepted for publication thus far, nearly 26 percent (17) fit my multi-method definition. References Benson, Rodney and Abigail C. Saguy. 2005. â€Å"Constructing Social Problems in an Age of Globalization: A French-American Comparison.† American Sociological Review 70(2):233-259. Cherlin, Andrew J., Linda M. Burton, Tera R. Hurt, and Diane M. Purvin. 2004. â€Å"The Influence of Physical and Sexual Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation.† American Sociological Review 69(6):768-789. Edgell, Penny, Joseph Gerteis, and Douglas Hartmann. Forthcoming. â€Å"Atheists as ‘Other’: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society.† American Sociological Review. Frickel, Scott and Neil Gross. 2005. â€Å"A General Theory of Scientific/Intellectual Movements.† American Sociological Review 70(2):204-232. Giordano, Peggy, Monica A. Longmore, and Wendy D. Manning. Forthcoming. â€Å"Gender and the Meaning(s) of Adolescent Romantic Relationships: A Focus on Boys.† American Sociological Review. Molnar, Virag. 2005. â€Å"Cultural Politics and Modernist Architecture.† American Sociological Review 70(1):111-135. Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian. 2005 â€Å"Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do.† American Sociological Review 70(3):355-380. Riley, Dylan. 2005. â€Å"Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective.† American Sociological Review 70(2):288-310. Schwartz, Barry and Howard Schuman. 2005. â€Å"History, Commemoration, and Belief: Abraham Lincoln in American Memory, 1945-2001.† American Sociological Review 70(2):183-203. Somers, Margaret and Fred Block. 2005. â€Å"From Poverty to Perversity: Ideas, Markets, and Institutions over 200 Years of Welfare Debate.† American Sociological Review 70(2):260-287. Timmermans, Stefan. 2005. â€Å"Suicide Determination and the Professional Authority of Medical Examiners.† American Sociological Review 70(2):311-333. Tyson, Karolyn, William Darity Jr., and Domini Castellino. 2005. â€Å"It’s Not a Black Thing: Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High Achievement.† American Sociological Review 70(4):582-605. Uzzi, Brian and Ryon Lancaster. 2004. â€Å"Embeddedness and Price Formation in the Corporate Law Market.† American Sociological Review 69(3):319-344. Wilde, Melissa. 2004. â€Å"How Culture Mattered at Vatican II: Collegiality Trumps Authority in the Council’s Social Movement Organizations.† American Sociological Review 69(4):576-602. American Sociological Review 70(1):136-157. (ANOTHER ARTICLE) THE POTENTIAL AND THE PROBLEM An extraordinary surge in the methodological diversity of clinical research studies has occurred during the past 2 decades, with a recent dramatic rise in the scope and sophistication of mixed methods designs.1,2 Mixed methods (also known as multimethod) research involves integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches to generating new knowledge3 and can involve either concurrent or sequential use of these 2 classes of methods to follow a line of inquiry.4,5 Combining methods activates their complementary strengths and helps to overcome their discrete weaknesses.6 Increasingly, integrated mixed methods designs allow researchers to follow emerging questions, rather than limiting their research to questions that are amenable to a particular method.7 Multimethod research brings together numbers and narratives, description, hypothesis testing, hypothesis generation, and understanding of meaning and context to provide fuller discernment and greater transportability of the phenomenon under study. In the past, proponents of quantitative and qualitative methods have been divided into separate camps with different skills and world views.8 The benefits of integrating these methods, however, are increasingly recognized and acted on in the medical and health care arena,1,2,6 as they have been for a longer time in the ethnographic tradition from anthropology and the case study tradition from educational research.7,9 Among many examples, a 1999 National Institutes of Health task force issued guidelines for rigorous qualitative and multimethod research.10 Two years ago, the (US) National Cancer Institute hosted a conference on mixed methods research that identified multimethod research as an important approach to solving some of the most intractable problems in cancer control research. An article by the Medical Research Council on the design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health11 identified the use of mixed methods as essential. Even so, the dramatic advances in the scope and sophistication of conducting mixed methods research have not been met with parallel progress in ways of disseminating the results of mixed methods studies. From our point of view, a major dilemma is that the results of multimethod studies often are segregated in different publications that reach limited and often nonclinical audiences. For example, Wilson and colleagues12 reported in JAMA on the ineffectiveness of nicotine gum in smoking cessation, while in Social Science and Medicine, Willms13 reported qualitative findings from the same study that the meaning patients attributed to their cigarettes was more influential in stopping smoking than either counseling or nicotine gum. Both articles have important messages, but the JAMA article does not reference the other, and they are published in journals with very different readers. Thus, different fields only come to know part of the research—reminiscent of the story of the 4 blind men each feeling a different part of the elephant and thus unable to develop a coherent idea of the whole. REFERENCES Davies, M., B., (2007) Key Concepts in Social Research Methods, New York, Palgrave, Macmillan LTD Gomm, R., (2009) Doing a Successful Research Project, New York, Palgrave, Macmillan LTD Rea, L., M., and Parker, R., A., (2006) Designing and Conducting Survey Research, San Francisco, Jossy-Bass Saunders, M., Thornhill, A., and Lewis, P., (2003) Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd edition, London, Pearson Education LTD Scheurich, J., J., (2007) Research Methods in the Postmodern, London, Falmer Press

Cold War Fears DBQ Essay Essay

Harry S. Truman has now his terms as president. A new president has stepped up to the plate, President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, Eisenhower needs to pick up where Truman had left off. He has to keep the country stable and deal with foreign policies. But, Eisenhower needs to face another issue at hand. With the Cold War going on, Americans are starting to fear the aftermath of the Second World War. From things like the Red Scare to the spread of communism in weak, poor countries, Eisenhower has a big responsibility that he must handle. With current situations, if Eisenhower does not respond to the fears of the American people, he will have difficulties with internal affairs rather than external affairs. The aftermath of the Second World War made Americans shiver because of the fear of a frontal assault, communism, and arms race. President Eisenhower had a mixed levels of responses to each individual fear. Although the WWII had ended, Americans now have to worry about another war, the Cold War. Americans had worried about the war in Europe against the Germans, but now they had to go against one of their allies during the war (the trust was very weak between the United States and Soviet Union which made the alliance very weak overall). Americans now feared for a frontal assault from the Soviets. After WWII, the Soviets (under Stalin’s command) had made advances in their military and were standing toe to toe with the United States in military power. The problem of Massive Retaliation came from the idea that the Soviet Union had the technology to send missiles directly towards the United States (U.S. New and World Report E). Missiles now had the power to be launched for long distances and explode at an enemy country. This brought up fear amongst the Americans because not only were they behind in military technology, but they had the ability to blow up a part of America from a long distance away. In a response to this, bomb shelters were created so that the civilians of America could retreat and stay out of harm’s way (Life Magazine C). Life Magazine shows this picture as a common procedure that the government needs to do because they’re in charge of protecting the civilians of the United States, because without them then the government would have no purpose. They see this as a normal solution in order to protect the lives of the people. One issue, however, did not change. Communism was still the main threat during the time of the Cold War. It was the leading cause of the Red Scare because of communist spies infiltrating the United States. Many people were caused of being communist which caused fear within the Americans because they suspected each other for being communists. This was a time of distrust as no one believed if the person next to them was American or communist. This was one of the main reasons that cause mass hysteria. Eisenhower, during the press conference, says ,†We are fearing what unwise investigators will do to use here at home as they try to combat subversion or briber or deceit within,† (A). Eisenhower understands that communism is causing fear within his people that is causing them to become hysterical. Eisenhower is the current president at this time and as president he knows the circumstances that his people are going to and understands the fear they have to put up with. Communism wasn’t just an internal problem, it was a problem in other parts of the world. Communism also infiltrated the Americas, but specifically Central and South America. Guatemala has been seduced by the ideas of communism causing the situation to become dangerous in the eyes of the Americans (John Foster Dulles B). Communism is bringing danger for the liberty of other cities and also to America itself because it makes it that much closer from taking over the United States as well. John F. Kennedy during his inaugural address, takes on hand the situation of communism. He says,† Oppose and foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty,† (I). Kennedy is standing up and stating that America needs to act and oppose its foes to assure that they survive in the end. He also mentions the idea of â€Å"successful liberty.† He wishes to grant this to the countries that are being overrun by the ideals of communism and to ensure that they will be granted freedom from communism’s ideals and make sure that they are protected. JFK’s position as the leader of American shows his charisma and strength of attacking these issues. He sees communism as a threat and understands that America must oppose the foe (communism) and great liberty to the country that is being affected by it. The responses to communism breathed hope into the hearts of Americans, however, it did not help America’s position in the arms race. The fear was  that America has fallen behind in the arms race because the Soviet Union has now surpassed them in the arms race with their new high tech missiles and ability to launch them for very long distances which meant that America was to be ready for a massive retaliation from the Soviets (U.S. New and World Report E). With America being behind, something needed to be done in order for us to catch up to our adversary. From this issue, America started to use most of its budget and spent it on missile programs (Herblock F). Increased funding for missile programs went into effect and most other issues like welfare programs and civilian services was set aside because America needed to catch up to Russia with the arms race. Herblock understands where America stands in the arms race. Each moment America wastes is a moment that the Soviet Union can use to further advance their military and weapons. Herblock’s cartoons shows that he seems to have a good interpretation of the situation that was occurring during the time and what America needed to do or was doing in order for us to catch up to the Soviets in the race. Statistics show that the Department of Commerce increased the percent of government spending into defenses. During Eisenhower’s presidency a solid 63% of the government’s spending was being invested into nation defense. Overtime America spent from $68.5 billion dollars to $92.1 billion in the late 60s (Department of Commerce H). This shows how much America ended up spending so that it increase its national defenses, but also tried to catch up to the defense power that the Soviets wielded. This increase in production for defense shows America’s determination and ambition to achieve the level of defense power that the Soviets obtained. The fear of the spread of communism, arms race, and frontal assaults by the Soviets showed the increasing growth of fear that Americans had within them during the Cold War. However, these fears also show the determination and ambition that the Eisenhower administration had which allowed them to create programs and policies as a response to address the fears of the American public. Fears still exist today and it’s quite possible that America might experience another form of the Cold War in the future. Only time can tell and America has the will to face this problem.

A visual interpretation of the text of ‘sir gawain and the green knight’

I wrote the above illustration of text from Sir Gawain and the Green night in the way it is shown here to illustrate that in the first to the fourth lines there is a certain level of revelry and the fete in the text.The first to the fourth lines talk about partying and having fun hence my visual representation of the feeling that these lines conveyed.   Immediately on the fifth and sixth line, I notice a change in tone from the party atmosphere to the more toned down chivalrous tone.Despite the mention of humor and merrymaking in the firth and sixth lines, the presence of ‘Gawain’ and the ‘knight’ in these two lines give them a sense of conservativeness and tradition, so I used a more formal, less ‘noisy’ illustration of the text.   Finally, in the seventh and eighth lines the tone tapers off with the mention of ‘separation’ and the reference to sleeping.   So, from the party atmosphere that I illustrated in the initial lines, the tone of the text moves on to become more muted, and finally to taper off to nothing as everybody takes their leave.In this exercise I realized that there are certain emotions conveyed by the text in ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’.   I believe that this is a quality of many pieces of poetry called imagery – this means that a visual image is conveyed by the text with the use of words.These images come from certain clues in the text that represent an emotion by encapsulating this emotion in a concrete image.   For instance, when a poet wants to convey joy, the poet would use words that would indicate that there is a party, as is the case in the first six lines.   From this exercise I learned to appreciate the value of the specificity of words in poetry – for a poet to convey an accurate emotion, the words used have to be very specific.This means that if the poet would like to convey ‘anger’ he/she cannot simply write ‘angerâ⠂¬â„¢ but categorize the intensity of that anger as well and find the word that best fits the degree of anger that needs to be expressed.In particular, this exercise also makes me realize that literature is not unintentional; all that a writer puts into his work is considered very carefully if not planned to the finest detail.   This is so because one thing that a writer should achieve in his work is to rig it in a way that the audience is led to feel the exact emotion that needs to be conveyed in the words.The same function of words could be used for many other purposes in literature such as revealing something or indicating a change in tone or atmosphere as is illustrated in the above example.However way words are used in literature, the writer should be conscious of what he/she is doing at all times otherwise; the images that a poem or a piece of literature conveys would be faulty or inaccurate.   I believe this particular quality of literature is called organic unity.The flo w of any piece of literature is largely dependent on the proper arrangement and use of the words.   This means that for a writer to succeed in a particular piece of literature he/she has to be able to wield the ability or power of words to cause mental images to form in the reader’s mind.

What Makes A Good Friend - 962 Words

Every person in their life time had felt the feeling of being alone, not wanted, or not good enough. Having people that you can count on to make you feel important and loved are that people that you want in your life. Those people that care about you, and make you feel warm and fuzzy in the inside are who you want to depend on. There are mean, ignorant people in this world that can say things to make people feel bad about them self. I am lucky to have friends that support and make me happy when I have a bad day. All people deserve to have one at least one person to count on to be there for them. People that are supportive, dependable and caring are the definition of a good friend. Friends that support one another impact each other’s lives with helping them through good and bad times. Support is a big key to a friendship, sometimes people need help, someone to talk to, or just need to be reminded that they are wanted. For instance people go through breakups that leave the perso n sad, and alone, with having a supporting friend gives the person the strength to stay strong to keep moving forward. People have deaths in their families that leave the family members to sadness, discomfort, and sometimes even depression. With the love and support friends give can cheer people up along with giving them love, support, and the feeling of not being left alone. Along with support a friend gives comes dependability. Being a dependable friend doesn’t sound like it would matter, but inShow MoreRelated Friendship Essay: What Makes A Good Friend?965 Words   |  4 PagesA friend is someone difficult to find. A friend is someone you can always count on when times are tough. The dictionarys definition of a good friend is a person attached to another by feelings of affection or personal regard. A good friend is there when you are struggling. 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