Relativism and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Relativism and Morality - Essay Example This is used to describe values and concepts of ethical and moral considerations (Baghramian, 2004). Goodman pointed out that relativism can be equated to compromise of value which can prevent conflicts but it prevents the achievement of a meaningful morality or values. This is a bold philosophical view since values, ethics and morality are concepts significantly affected by the social norms (Goodman, 2010, p.87). Goodman’s view regarding relativism can be considered as an important eye opener. He stated that due to the intentions to achieve a common good, the global formulations are becoming culture-bound. This means that cultural differences are being considered as one of the most important factors if not the top most priority. Such scenario leads to the generalization of moral laws which according to him is in the risk of blandness, vagueness, and compromise of principles, which is common and widespread in the present era. The ambiguity in the guiding principles of morality in the international community becomes the law and judicial tactic (Goodman, 2010, p.87). This can be observed in the manner different nations, cultures and societies deal with social, economic, and political issues. Issues that are considered charged and controversial although of great importance and vitality are faced with ambiguity, thus, lost in social compromises of different forms. There are numerous issues that can be cited as examples such as abortion, divorce, same sex marriage, etc. The relativism in morality can explain why in some nations and cultures, these issues are accepted while in other nations and cultures, such issues are prohibited and even detested. Due to the differences in the view and opinions of different nations and communities in the world and due to the stratification of societies on the basis of geographical, cultural, religious, and economic divides, social and political authorities are preventing heated discussions that can lead to violent misunderst andings. As a result, the international community can be observed to have a moral view that is bland and safely coasting between the multitudes of clashing moral views. Moral values are meant to guide and to lead the people in different forms of decision making process. But having a relative morality can be considered ineffective to guide the people their way of life. Upon expression of the dangers of compromise and relativism in morality, Goodman presented his view on the different crimes. He stated and stressed that regardless of the fact that compromise in values rule the present society, there are actions that are simply wrong and that no social and cultural consideration can correct. Goodman said that slavery, genocide, terrorism, murder, rape, polygamy, and incest are examples of crimes and actions that are plainly and absolutely wrong, regardless of the perspective (Goodman, 2010, p.89). This means that it is hard to justify any of these acts as a morally right act on the bas is of any particular culture. No logical reason can justify killing and causing hard to other people such as terrorism, genocide, and murder as the right thing to do in any given situation. Similarly, no logical reason can make slavery and limiting of other people’s rights and freedom such as slavery an acceptable act. This is the same for rape, polygamy, ad incestuous relationships wherein no reasons can make these sexual

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line Essay

PEEST factors that have impacted on your selected product line recently - Essay Example Because of the increasingly competitive environment in the smart-phone market, Samsung has been aggressive in ensuring that the phone’s related intellectual properties are protected from suing competitors like Apple (Naidu-Ghelani, 2014: p1). The Samsung S5 faces political pressures in the West African market due to the Ebola virus and terrorism, especially as it opened Samsung Electronics West Africa just this year to increase market share in the lucrative market. In the immediate future, sales of the Samsung Galaxy S5 will also be influenced by the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the US and EU, whose new tax policies and tariffs could impact significantly on price and sales (Mundy & Thomas, 2014: p1). The economic dimension is particularly critical for the Galaxy S5 because increased market liberalization in China, as well as increasing incomes and GDP growth in African countries is opening up new markets for the company (Jung-a, 2014: p1). However, the slow economic recovery in the EU is expected to continue into the foreseeable future, denting purchasing power for European consumers. The EU and other developed and developing countries in the EU have also recorded minimal decline in unemployment rates, which means that their purchasing power will remain low for the near future. However, unemployment levels in the Caribbean, Latin America, and South East Asia have fallen significantly, opening up new avenues of expansion (Thompson, 2014: p1). The rise of the ethical consumer internationally who wants products that are sourced and manufactured in a responsible and sustainable manner will be an important factor for the Galaxy S5, which they need to be aware of in order to satisfy the ethical consumer (Giles, 2014: p1). As a result, Samsung has to ensure that its marketing strategy includes steps taken in making their operations responsible and sustainable. Increased pressure from eco-friendly groups like Green Peace will also

Analysis of Vegetables Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Vegetables Essay For example, calcium and phosphorus are required for the formation of bones and teeth deficiency of these causes the decay of teeth and bones. Deficiency of iron causes anemia. Lack of iodine causes goiter. So it is necessary that the food we eat be selected carefully. Besides wheat, rice and milk, fruits and vegetables form an important part of balanced diet. They contain minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins. We are advised by doctors to include more vegetables and fruits in our diets, Therefore, study could be undertaken to investigate the constituents of various fruits and vegetables. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT To plan for the balanced diet, knowledge of various ingredients of fruits and vegetables is necessary. In this project, we aim to have knowledge about the contents of different fruits.

Privacy Law in the UK

Privacy Law in the UK Definition of Privacy Judge T. Cooley provided the earliest and one of the simplest definitions of privacy, defining it as the right to be left alone.[1] However, throughout the years, many different definitions have come about in a more positive light rather than a negative, such as, the right to be able to communicate information freely or simply, to keep such information to ourselves. The Younger Committee Report[2] followed on from Judge Cooley concluding that there was no satisfactory way of beginning to define privacy, nevertheless, the Calcutt Committee Report went further and mentioned that it would however, be possible to define it legally and went on to adopt this approach in their first report regarding privacy; The right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life of affairs, or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information.[3] The Calcutt Committee then issued a further Report in response to Lord Chancellors Department for Infringement of Privacy to which had criticised English Law declaring, it had not adequately protected the privacy of individuals to which they called for an immediate need for some sort of privacy legislation in the UK.[4] The UK Government then followed on from previous attempts at defining what privacy consists of, stating; Every individual has a right to privacy comprising: A right to be free from harassment and molestation; and A right to privacy of personal information, communications and documents.[5] Yet, in this day in age, privacy is still perhaps the most difficult to define, as the definitions of privacy can vary depending on the context and environment that it is used in. As in various countries, the concept of privacy has been merged with data protection, which can interpret privacy in the terms of a management of personal information. However, it can also be frequently seen as a way of drawing the line at how far society can intrude into a persons affairs. Robert Ellis Smith, the editor of the Privacy Journal defined privacy as; the desire by each of use for physical space where we can be free of interruption, intrusion, embarrassment, or accountability and the attempt to control the time and manner of disclosures of personal information about ourselves.[6] To which Edward Bloustein to an extent agreed with this, mentioning that privacy is an interest of the human personality, as it can protect the inviolate personality, the individuals independence, dignity and integrity. [7] Therefore, it can be concluded that, though there are various different interpretations of privacy, it can prove difficult to define, and get just one specific meaning for it that can relate to everyone. However, most of the definitions pay close attention to the interests of human personality, as well as, deciding where to draw the line at how far society can intrude into a persons private affairs. Why do we need Privacy? Every person needs some sort of privacy, whether that be for their physical, mental, emotional or spiritual wellbeing. So much so, that it is well established that everyone is actually entitled to a degree of privacy in their lifetime. Although, it has not been a fundamental and enforced right in English law, the need for some sort of individual privacy legislation has been often recognised. However, the Younger Committee concluded that a general privacy legislation would create a mass of uncertainty, so instead of developing a general right for privacy, they took the approach that; [the] best way to ensure regard for privacy is to provide specific and effective sanctions against clearly defined activities which unreasonably frustrate the individual in his search for privacy.[8] However, it can be argued that without central rules on privacy, it would be much easier for individuals to gain private information on various others, as well as, it would also be difficult for prosecutions against individuals that invade the privacy of others. [9] Privacy in the UK There is no freestanding right to privacy in the UK, with the courts repeatedly stating that English law knows no common law tort of invasion of privacy.[10] As an alternative, the cause of action for breach of confidence has been extended to encompass misuse of wrongful dissemination of private information. [11] However, expansion of the law in this area has occurred throughout the years. The earliest example in the UK of protecting an individuals privacy is seen in Thompson v Stanhope,[12] where an injunction was granted by the court preventing and restraining the publication of private letters that were sent from Lord Chesterfield to his son, by his widow. However, this case was followed by various other cases, such as Prince Albert v Strange, [13] where the Prince sought to restrain publication of otherwise unpublished private etchings and other lists of works by Queen Victoria, to which were obtained by an employee to whom Price Albert had trusted. This case provides a good illustration of how the right to confidence protects privacy. Although the right to privacy was not recognised at the time, it was argued on behalf of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert that they had a right to keep private the art works that they had commissioned for their personal enjoyment. Ruling in favour of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, the court held: Every man has a right to keep his own sentiments, if he pleases. He has certainly a right to judge whether he will make them public or commit them only to the sight of his friends. Whereas the court further held that the publication of the etchings invaded the Royal Familys right to privacy, in the sense of a right to control ones possessions and enjoy them. More developments in UK privacy were issued in the case of Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner, [14] Malone held that his right to privacy was breached by the Metropolitan Police by means of interception of his telephone calls. He claimed that the police interception of his phone calls had been unlawful on the grounds that it concerned itself with breach of confidence, trespass and an unlawful interference with his privacy. However, the case was dismissed by Sir Robert Megarry, stating: English law did not entertain actions for interference with privacy unless the interference amounted to one of the established causes of actions in tort or equity.[15] Though, Malone appealed to the ECtHR that a breach of Article 8 had occurred, to which the court found in favour of Malone and this decision influenced a response by the UK Parliament in regards to Interception of Communications Act 1985 and Police Act 1997[16] which was introduced to control telephone interceptions. [17] This decision was later echoed in the case of Wainwright Anor v Home Office, [18] where Lord Hoffmann saw a great danged in the courts attempting to fashion a tort based on the unjustified invasion of privacy. He however, preferred the idea that parliament should legislate for such protection since there will invariably be exception and defences. How the Law has developed due to the introduction of the ECHR? What is in the public interest is not the same as what is of interest to the public, to which, in simple terms the court will balance a persons right to a private and family life against the medias right to freedom of expression. This is an area of the law that has developed significantly following the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law in 1998. Bibliography Cooley TM, A Treatise on the Law of Torts, Or, The Wrongs Which Arise Independent of Contract (1st edn, Callaghan 1879) 29 Smith RE, Ben Franklins web site: Privacy and curiosity from Plymouth rock to the internet (Privacy Journal 2000) 7 Crystal G, Protecting your privacy (Civil Rights Movement, 2000) accessed 04 January 2017 [1] Thomas M. Cooley, A Treatise on the Law of Torts, Or, The Wrongs Which Arise Independent of Contract (1st edn, Callaghan 1879) 29 [2] Department of National Heritage, Younger Committee Report on Privacy (Cmnd 5021, HMSO 1972) [3] Department of National Heritage, Calcutt Committee Report on Privacy and Related Matters (Cm 1102, HMSO 1990) 7 [4] Department of National Heritage, Calcutt Review of Press Self-Regulation (Cm 2135, HMSO 1993) [5] Department of National Heritage, Parliament Privacy and media intrusion: The Governments response to the House of Commons National Heritage Select Committee (Cm 2918, HMSO 1995) [6] Robert Ellis Smith, Ben Franklins web site: Privacy and curiosity from Plymouth rock to the internet. (Privacy Journal 2000) 7 [7] Edward J. Bloustein, Privacy as an aspect of human dignity: An answer to Dean Prosser (1964) 39.6 N.Y.U. L. Rev 962 1007 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nylr39div=71start_page=962collection=journalsset_as_cursor=0men_tab=srchresults#> accessed 05 January 2017 [8] Department of National Heritage, Younger Committee Report on Privacy (Cmnd 5021, HMSO 1972) [9] Garry Crystal, Protecting your privacy (Civil Rights Movement, 2000) accessed 04 January 2017 [10] OBG Ltd v Allan; Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2007] 2 WLR 920, [272]. See also Wainwright v Home Office [2004] 2 AC 406. [11] Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] 2 AC 457; B McDonald, Privacy, Princesses, and Paparazzi (2005-2006) 50 New York Law School Law Review 205, 232. See also Hosking v Runting [2005] 1 NZLR 1, [23]-[53]. [12] (1774) Amb. 737 [13] [1849] EWHC Ch J20 [14] [1979] Ch 344 [15] [16] Police Act 1997 Part III [17] Malone v United Kingdom [1984] ECHR 8691/79 [18] [2003] UKHL 53

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Over the past four years, we have grown from insecure, immature freshmen to successful, focused and confident young adults. This incredible transformation has been the result of our entire high school experience. Everything from that first homecoming game, to late night cramming, to the last dance at prom. These experiences have pulled us together as a class and we have learned to love and respect our fellow classmates. As much as this class has grown together, every one of us has also grown as a unique individual. We have found our talents and interests. These interests have drawn us to different activities and in turn helped shape our lives. Some of us have excelled academically while others have helped improve Summer High School by participating in activities such as Link Crew or ASB. Some of us acted in plays while others shared their musical talents by singing in the choir or performing with our outstanding band. Many of us have preferred to be involved in community service with a group like KEY Club. In addition to these school activities, many of us have invested time in jobs and other community activities. These many choices have shaped who we are today: the people we met, the experiences we encountered, the lessons we learned. They have all made an impact on our lives and, in turn, we have also made a difference in the lives of others. The people sitting out in this audience tonight have also greatly impacted our lives. Every person in this enormous stadium has given us encouraging words, helpful advice or tough criticism. The support our family, friends and teachers have shared with us is invaluable. Their caring and dedication have helped us get here today.

Fundraising and State Support Essay -- Public Choice Theory, Education

The examination of the relationship of fundraising and state support change was based upon an understanding of public choice theory, which is rooted in political economy and used to determine societal resource allocation preferences through the legislative process to attain the maximum social benefit (Herber, 1983). The theory has evolved over time with the core research of Buchanan and Tullock (1967) examining individual economic preferences demonstrated through the political system, establishing an approach for analyzing political decision-making. The focus of public choice theory in the context of the proposed research questions is on decision-making cost in terms of offsetting fundraising increases to reach consensus. This incorporates the direct cost involved in funding, or not funding, higher education, the opportunity costs of bargaining through the political process, and the trade-offs between competing public demands (Herber, 1983). Society could follow non-strategic behavi or in order to allow for collective decisions (Herber). Decision making costs become an outcome of the public choice bargaining in order to reach agreement; public choice involves making decisions within a dynamic context of higher education as a public good, particularly when examining the relationship of fundraising and state support (Buchanan & Tullock, 1967). Constitutional Economics Within public choice theory is the concept of constitutional economics that accounts for the rules pertaining to the legislative process that restricts the role of government and the scope of its decisions (Buchanan & Tullock, 1967). Buchanan and Tullock (1967) espoused the operational stage of rule-making that stem from the constitutional limitations. The budget pro... ...support the mission of the college. At the opposite end of the continuum is the unconstrained vision. The unconstrained vision believes that people’s nature and institutions can be improved (Sowell, 1987). The unconstrained vision welcomes direct government intervention for the good of society (Sowell, 1987). Equating Sowell’s vision to public choice theory, there is a great deal of similarity between the unconstrained vision and how an individual categorizes higher education as a public good (Sowell, 1987; Ostrom, 1975). This research is intent in finding the relationship between the change in fundraising and the change in public funding of higher education. In an effort to determine how policymakers choose to fund higher education, acknowledging the policy maker’s vision of people and institutions will help understand how they may respond to funding scenarios.

How Far Do You Agree with the View That the Kite Runner Is a Celebration of the Bond of Brotherhooh

How far do you agree with the view that The Kite Runner is a celebration of the bond of brotherhood? Brotherhood is a strong theme throughout the book and there is evidence supporting that it is a celebration of the bond of brotherhood but also that it isn't. I think that The Kite Runner could be seen as a celebration of the bond of the brotherhood because of the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Although there are signs of disloyalty by Amir there are also signs of brotherly love between them.Amir shows that he cares for Hassan when he says ‘then he [Ali] would remind us that there was a brotherhood between people who had fed from the same breast, a kinship that not even time could break. Hassan and I fed from the same breasts. ‘ In this quote Amir implies that because he and Hassan fed from the same breast, they are like brothers. This shows that he does see a connection between he and Hassan. However, this is ironic because they are brothers in a way because they s hare the same father.When Amir says ‘But we were kids who had learned to crawl together, and no history, ethnicity, society, or religion was going to change that either. I spent most of the first twelve years of my life playing with Hassan', It shows us that Amir does love Hassan and they are close, however later on in the book he oppose this statement when he forces Hassan away. Ten years after Amir leaves Hassan he says ‘I wish Hassan had been with us today', this tells us that although he drove Hassan away, he misses him and wishes things had turn out differently.We know that Amir memories with Hassan are his happiest memories as when Baba asks Amir to think of something good, Amir has an flashback of a memory with Hassan. Hassan shows most of the signs of brotherhood through his undying loyalty towards Amir, Hassan is a loyal and caring friend to Amir. He shows this before he is raped when Assef says â€Å"But before you sacrifice yourself for him, think about this: Would he do the same for you?Have you ever wondered why he never includes you in games when he has guests? Why he only plays with you when no one else is around? I'll tell you why, Hazara. Because to him, you're nothing but an servant. ‘ We know that Amir wouldn't sacrifies for Hassan as he is a Hazara for him and his servant. This shows the reader that Amir believed it wasn't right to stay with someone of your own race and also because of Amir being of a higher social class.The ‘father-son' relationship between Amir and Baba doesn't agree with the brotherhood of celebration because at the beginning of the novel, Khaled Hosseini gives an impression to the reader that Amir is looking for the love, respect and approval of Baba he felt he has never had. Whereas Baba feels that his son is not living up to his physical, social, religious and cultural expectations and provides little time for him.However, as the novel unravels the strength of the relationship between these tw o key characters increases and Amir's is constantly eager for Baba's attention producing positive results in the relationship. With Amir feeling that â€Å"Baba hated me a little† and Baba feeling that Amir is one of those boys â€Å"who won't stand up for himself and becomes a man who can't stand up to anything†, the reader is able to understand the sketchy relationship between Amir and Baba – through the depiction of the characters and their interaction.